Urogenital Pathology - Genitals

Question 1

Prostatis - Definition and Types

Answer 1

Refers to multiple disorders that cause pelvic pain and discomfort.
8.2% of men, in their 40’s, prone to UTIs.
Can be:
- Acute bacterial
- Chronic bacterial
- Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
- Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis

Question 2

Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Prostasis

Answer 2

Majorly infection (treatment: antimicrobial medication) with signs of FEVER, chills.
Low back, inner thigh, and perineal pain.
Testicular or penis pain.
Urinary frequency and urgency, nocturia, dysuria, hesitancy.
Sexual dysfunction.
General malaise
Arthralgia
Myalgia

Question 3

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Description and Risk Factors

Answer 3

Age-related non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland
with a prostate volume greater than 30 mL.
Men > 50 years: 75%
Drinking moderate amounts of alcohol REDUCES risk of BPH.
Cigarette smoking increases the risk for BPH-like symptoms.

Question 4

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Clinical Manifestation

Answer 4

Bladder palpable above the symphysis pubis.
Hesitancy, weak urine stream, dribbling at the end of urination.
Increased urinary frequency: every 2h.
Nocturia
Low back, upper thigh pain. Suprapubic or pelvic pain
erectile dysfunction.
Blood in urine or semen

Question 5

Prostatic Cancer - Description and Risk Factors

Answer 5

1/6 men develop prostate cancer, second most common cause of death from cancer.
Same clinical manifestation as benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Risk factors:
- Age >50 years
- Family history; inherited gene mutation
- Environmental exposure to cadmium
- High-fat diet
- High Alcohol consumption

Question 6

Testicular Cancer - Description and Etiology

Answer 6

Most common cancer for 15-35 year old males.
Related to hormonal balance and genetic: TGCT1 gene from mother, 50x more likely to get it.
35x more likely if you have cryptoid: testes not descending into scrotum.

Question 7

Testicular Cancer - Stages and Symptoms

Answer 7

Stage 1: confined to the testicle
Stage 2: spread to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes
Stage 3: spread beyond the lymph nodes (lungs, brain and liver)
Lump, enlargement or swelling of testicle. Loss of size.
Dull ache: lower abdomen, groin.
Pain or discomfort: testicle, scrotum. low back (stage 2)
Tenderness or enlargement of breasts.
Unexplained fatigue, malaise. Infertility.

Question 8

Pregnancy

Answer 8

Back pain common in second and third trimester.

Low back pain in 1st trimester (RED FLAG): could be ectopic pregnancy, urinary tract infection (21%).

Question 9

Ectopic Pregnancy - Description and Symptoms

Answer 9

Tubal Pregnancy: implantation outside of uterine cavity.
Irregular bleeding and spotting.
Aching lower abdominal quadrant or low back pain, possible ipsilateral shoulder pain.
Pregnancy symptoms might be present.
Life-threatening if not treated in time!

Question 10

Endometriosis - Definition

Answer 10

Estrogen-dependent disorder defined by the presence of
endometrial tissue (lining of the uterus) outside of the
uterus. Causes fertility problems.

Question 11

Endometriosis - Signs and Symptoms

Answer 11

Cyclical or constant pelvic and/or low back pain.
Pain during or after sexual intercourse. Painful bowel movements or urination during menstrual period.
Heavy or irregular bleeding and spotting between.
Fatigue.
Ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, infertility.
GI problems.

Question 12

Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device

Answer 12

Can cause back pain during ovulation and just prior or during menstrual flow.

Question 13

Ovarian cysts - Description and Types

Answer 13

Benign ovarian tumor. Usually not removed unless there are too many.
• Different types of cysts:
- Functional cysts (follicular cysts and luteal cysts)
- Endometrial cysts
- Neoplastic cysts
- Cysts that result from PCOS

Question 14

Ovarian Cysts - Signs and Symptoms

Answer 14

Abdominal pressure, pain, or bloating.
Discomfort during urination, bowel movements, or sex.
Irregular menses, infertility.
Dull aching low back, buttock, pelvic, or groin pain.
Sudden, sharp pain with rupture of the cyst or hemorrhage.

Question 15

Ovarian Cancer - Risk Factors

Answer 15

BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.
Lynch syndrome
Family history of breast, ovarian or colon cancer. 
History of endometrial or breast cancer.
Age, never given birth, never breast fed.
Endometriosis
Obesity, high dietary fat intake. 
Infertility
Tobacco and alcohol use.

Question 16

Ovarian Cancer - Protective Factors

Answer 16

Suppression of ovulation
Increasing nr of full term pregnancies
Breastfeeding
Oral contraceptive use
Tubal ligation 
Hysterectomy