Immune System Physiology - Q&A Flashcards
Define innate immunity
Non-specific host defences that exist pior to exposure to an antigen
Innate immunity involves all of the following except: A Physical barriers B Phagocytosis C Inflammation D Antibody production
D Antibody production
Name one physical barrier that prevent the entry of pathogens in our body.
Epidermis, gastric secretion, lysozyme, host microbiome, mucous membranes…
What cells would be most active in early, antiviral immune responses the first time one is exposed to pathogen?
NK cells
Natural killer cells
Name one cell type with phagocytic activity
Macrophage
Neutrophil
Which of the following cells is important in the innate immune response? A B cells B T cells C macrophages D plasma cells
C macrophages
What are the four steps/phases of an inflammatory reaction?
Recognition, Recruitment, Removal, Resolution
Patten recognition receptors PRR can: A bind to conserved features of invading microbes B recognize injured cells of the host C mediate the synthesis of cytokines D mediate phagocytosis E all of the above
E all of the above
Acute inflammation characteristically involves: A Constriction of arterioles. B Enlargement of endothelial cell C The formation of scar tissue D Influx of neutrophils.
D Influx of neutrophils.
What are the effect of acute inflammation on the surrounding blood vessels?
Increased permeability of capillaries, activation of endothelial cells, vasodilatation
What are the characteristic signs of inflammation?
Pain, redness, swelling, heat
Which of the following leads to the redness of inflammation? A increased vascular permeability B anaphylactic shock C increased blood flow D recruitment of neutrophils
C increased blood flow
The movement of phagocytes in the direction of an infection, due to attraction by complement, chemicals released by microorganisms, and the remnants of damaged cell membranes is a process called: A phagocytosis. B chemotaxis. C adherence. D tolerance
B chemotaxis.
Name one function of the complement system
Opsonisation, increase inflammation, cell lysis
Which of the following is NOT TRUE with regard to complement?
A It damages plasma membranes of foreign cells.
B It is involved in the development of inflammation.
C It can bind to the surface of microbes and promote phagocytosis.
D It is an immune process that is specific to the invading microbe.
E It is a cascade pathway
It is an immune process that is specific to the invading microbe.
All of the following are true regarding inflammation EXCEPT:
A The same sequence of events occurs in response to any injury, whether it be a burn, an infection, or trauma.
B The signs of inflammation are pain, redness, swelling, heat, and possibly loss of function.
C Cytokines, histamine, complement and other chemical mediators are released.
D Monocytes are the first cells to arrive from the bloodstream at the site of inflammation.
E The purpose of inflammation is to remove foreign invaders and heal the damaged tissue
D Monocytes are the first cells to arrive from the bloodstream at the site of inflammation.
Which process stimulate macrophages to develop a anti-inflammatory phenotype?
Efferocytosis
What are the phases of tissue healing?
- Hematoma formation
- Inflammation
- Repair
- Remodeling
What is the name of muscle stem cells?
Satellite cells
Name at least one feature of the adaptive immune response.
Memory
Slow response
Specificity
Self-recognition
Which cells are involved specifically in adaptive immunity?
Lymphocytes B and T
The majority of antigens are: A Proteins B Carbohydrates C Nucleic acids D Lipids
A Proteins
Define clonal expansion
Lymphocytes that are able to recognize the antigen undergo rapid mitotic division.
Why is clonal expansion so important? A to select for specific cells B to secrete cytokines C to kill target cells D to increase the numbers of specific cells
D to increase the numbers of specific cells
What is the function of plasma cells?
Produce and secrete antibodies
How do antibodies help clearing antigens?
Neutralization
Agglutination
Opsonization
Foreign antigens phagocytosed by dendritic cells are presented by: A class I MHC molecules to cytotoxic T cells. B class II MHC molecules to helper T cells. C class I MHC molecules to helper T cells. D class II MHC molecules to cytotoxic T cells.
B class II MHC molecules to helper T cells.
Which type of T cell lyses cells that have been infected with viruses?
cytotoxic T cells
Memory cells:
A produce chemokines
B are responsible for passive immunity
C prevent an animal from encountering certain antigens
D provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen
D provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen
Which of the following is not a mechanism by which diversity is generated for antibody synthesis? A VDJ recombination B Somatic hypermutation C Clonal expansion D Combination of heavy and light chain
C Clonal expansion
What is the biological interest in having VDJ recombination?
Creation of a multitude of receptors from a limited amount of genes, giving the possibility to recognize
virtually any antigen.
What is positive selection in the development of thymocytes?
T cells recognizing MHC molecules receive survival signals.
In T-cell development, negative selection is an important process for:
A killing self-reacting thymocytes
B killing thymocytes not recognizing self-MCH proteins
C killing thymocytes that didn’t rearranged correctly their TCR
D killing mature T-cells that recognize self antigens after they left the thymus
A killing self-reacting thymocytes
Where do B-cells mature?
Bone marrow
Define self-tolerance.
Unresponsiveness of the immune system to self-antigens
Loss of self-tolerance can lead to: A Immune deficiency B Allergies C Cancer D Autoimmune disease
D Autoimmune disease
Which of the following class of pathogens consists of only unicellular organisms? A Viruses B Bacteria C Fungi D Parasites
B Bacteria
Which of the following are intracellular pathogens? Viruses Bacteria Fungi Parasites
Viruses
Name the primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
Thymus
