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Organ System Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology - BPT06 > Lungs and Airway Anatomy > Flashcards

Lungs and Airway Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of Air

A 
Nitrogen N2 : 78%
Oxygen O2 : 21%
Argon Ar : 0.9%
Carbon Dioxide CO2 : 0.04%
\+ Others
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2
Q

Atmospheric Pressure at rest

A

760 mmHg

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3
Q

Intrapulmonary Pressure at rest

A

760 mmHg

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4
Q

Intrapleural Pressure at rest

A

756 mmHg

Negative pressure

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5
Q

Respiration

A

Production of ATP from organic molecules.

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen. That’s where ventilation and gas exchange come in.

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6
Q

Ventilation

A

Ventilation is the process by which air moves into and out of the lungs and is made available for gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane.

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7
Q

Control of Ventilation

A

Primarily involves neurons in the medulla and pons.
Medulla: sets the respiratory rhythm
Pons: influences and modifies the activity of the medullary neurons.

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8
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Takes place in the mitochondria and requires oxygen and glucose, and produces carbon dioxide, water and energy.
The chemical equation is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20

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9
Q

Extra Thoracic Tract

A

Upper respiratory tract

  • Mouth
  • External nose
  • Nasal cavities
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx (above focal cords)
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10
Q

External Nose

A

Olfactory and respiratory organ.
Resonator of voice.
Bone, cartilage and fibro-fatty tissue.

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11
Q

The Nose

A 
Nasal vestibule: 
- Hair + skin (incl muscles)
Mucous membrane:  
- Goblet cells
- Filter particulate matter 
- Adjust temp and humidity of inspired air.
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12
Q

Nasal Cavities

A 
3 Layers (openings):
- Superior concha 
- Middle concha (very thick mucosa: cold) 
- Inferior concha 
Olfactory region: Superior concha 
Respiratory region: Middle and inferior concha
4 pathways
Increased surface area
Turbulent airflow
Humidification
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13
Q

Pharynx

A

Forms a continuous muscular passage for air, food, and liquids to travel down from your nose and mouth to your lungs and stomach.
3 parts:
Nasopharynx - posterior to the nasal cavity
Oropharynx - posterior to the oral cavity
Laryngopharynx - posterior to the larynx

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14
Q

Mucosal Features (Pharynx)

A
  • Mucous membrane
  • Muscular layer
    C5-C6!
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15
Q

Larynx

A

Located between pharynx and trachea (C3-C6)
9 Cartilage pieces
Respiratory mucosa
Controls voice (voice box) and air guidance
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branches vagus nerve)
Superior/inferior laryngeal artery

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16
Q

Larynx Cartilage

A 
Unpaired:
- Thyroid
- Epiglottis
- Cricoid
Paired:
- Arytenoid
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
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17
Q

Intrathoracic Tract

A

Lower tract or thoracic airway.
Complex series of branching tubes that culminate in the gas exchanging area.
Tracheobronchial tree.

18
Q

Tracheobronchial Tree

A
  • Trachea
  • 2 main bronchi
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveoli
19
Q

Conducting Zone of the Thoracic Airway

A
  1. Trachea
  2. 2 main bronchi
  3. Lobar bronchi
  4. Segmental bronchi
  5. Terminal bronchioles
20
Q

Respiratory Zone of the Thoracic Airway

A
  1. Respiratory Bronchioles

7. Alveoli

21
Q

Trachea Composition and Size

A 
Tube composed of:
- 16-20 tracheal cartilages C-shape
- Annular ligaments
- Membranous posterior wall
- Mucosa (upper respiratory tract)
Size: 
- 10-14 cm long
- 1,6-1,8 cm wide
22
Q

Respiratory Epithelium

A

Goblet cells: Column shaped, produce mucus. Destroy bacteria/viruses. Captures dust and chemicals.
Cilia: Microscopic projections that look like tiny hairs. Organized transport of mucus (12 beats/sec). Pharynx (swallowing), stomach.

23
Q

Bronchioles Composition - Cells

A

No cartilage or goblet cells.

Club cells - Produce SURFACTANT

24
Q

Alveoli Composition and Size

A 
Thin-walled air sack
\+/- 400 million by lung 
0,2 mm expiration
0,5 mm inspiration
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs → Alveoli
Respiratory part used for gas exchange.
Surfactant.
25
Q

Blood-Air Barrier

A

Gas exchange region:
Inspiration → O2 from alveoli goes across barrier to enter in the blood flow and bind to hemoglobin.
CO2 leaves the blood flow and enters the alveoli → Expiration.

26
Q

What happens to the diaphragm and lungs during inspiration? (volume, pressure)

A

Diaphragm contract and becomes flat.
Lung volume increases.
Lung pressure (O2) decreases.
Atmospheric pressure is higher than lung pressure.
Air (O2) enters lungs from high pressure to low.

27
Q

Lungs Composition and Shape

A 
Gray to blush-pink
Cone shaped
Right lung:
- 3 lobes
- Heavier
Left lung:
- 2 lobes 
- lighter 
- irregular shape
28
Q

Hilum

A

Place at which main bronchi + pulmonary arteries and veins enter the lungs.

29
Q

Hilum Location

A

On the center of mediastinal surface of the lung and behind the cardiac impression.
Meeting point between parietal and visceral pleura.

30
Q

Structures of the Hilum of the Left Lung

A
  • Left pulmonary artery
  • Left superior pulmonary vein
  • Superior and inferior lobar bronchi
  • Left inferior pulmonary vein
  • Pulmonary lymph nodes
31
Q

Structures of the Hilum of the Right Lung

A
  • Superior lobar bronchus
  • Middle and inferior lobar bronchus
  • Right pulmonary artery
  • Right superior pulmonary vein
  • Right inferior pulmonary vein
  • Pulmonary lymph nodes
32
Q

Pulmonary Ligament - Hilum

A

Not a ligament but a reflection of the mediastinal parietal pleura.
Fusion between the parietal mediastinal pleura and the visceral pleura.
Function:
- Hold the lower part of the lungs in position.
- Allow expansion of pulmonary veins

33
Q

Wall Structure of Trachea, Two Main Bronchi and Lobar Bronchi

A

Hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle, elastic fiber.

34
Q

Wall Structure of the Segmental Bronchi and Bronchioles

A

Smooth muscle and elastic fiber.

35
Q

Right Lung Lobes

A

Superior, middle and inferior.
Divided by fissures, horizontal and oblique.
Oblique fissure separates inferior lobe form superior and middle lobes so that the inferior lobe is posterior and inferior to the fissure.
Horizontal fissure separates the middle and superior lobes, horizontally from the edge to the hilum.

36
Q

Left Lung Lobes

A

Divided into superior and inferior lobes by the oblique fissure

37
Q

Right Main Bronchus Division - Right Superior Lobar Bronchus

A

Apical segmental bronchus (I)
Posterior segmental bronchus (II)
Anterior segmental bronchus (III)

38
Q

Right Main Bronchus Division - Right Middle Lobar Bronchus

A

Lateral segmental bronchus (IV)

Medial segmental bronchus (V)

39
Q

Right Main Bronchus Division - Right Inferior Lobar Broncus

A 
Superior segmental bronchus (VI)
Medial basal segmental bronchus (VII)
Anterior basal segmental bronchus (VIII)
Lateral basal segmental bronchus (IX)
Posterior basal segmental bronchus (X)
40
Q

Left Bronchus Division - Left Superior Lobar Bronchus

A

Apicoposterior segmental bronchus (I, II)
Anterior segmental bronchus (III)
Superior lingular segmental bronchus (IV)
Inferior lingular segmental bronchus (V)

41
Q

Left Bronchus Division - Left Inferior Lobar Bronchus

A 
Superior segmental bronchus (VI)
Medial basal segmental bronchus (VII)
Anterior basal segmental bronchus (VIII)
Lateral basal segmental bronchus (IX)
Posterior basal segmental bronchus (X)

Organ System Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology - BPT06 (34 decks)

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