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Organ System Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology - BPT06 > Structures and Organs of the Digestive Tract > Flashcards

Structures and Organs of the Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Esophagus

A

Approximately 25 cm.
Long fibromuscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach.
Upper oesophageal sphincter: Junction pharynx - oesophagus.
Lower oesophageal sphincter: Junction stomach - oesophagus.
Prevent entry of air and reflux of gastric content.

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2
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Esophagus - Cervical

A

Anterior: Trachea, thoracic duct, thyroid gland.
Posterior: Vertebral column, longus colli.
Lateral: Lobes of thyroid gland.

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3
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Esophagus - Thoracic

A 
Anterior: 
- Trachea
- Left main bronchus  
- Pericardium
- Left atrium
Posterior: 
- Bodies of thoracic vertebrae
- Thoracic duct
- Descending thoracic aorta.
Right: 
- Right mediastinal pleura
Left: 
- Left mediastinal pleura 
- Left subclavian artery
- Aortic arch
- Thoracic duct
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4
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Esophagus - Abdominal

A

Crosses the diaphragm
Anterior: Posterior surface of the left lobe of the liver.
Posterior: Left crus of the diaphragm
Lateral: left and right vagus nerve

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5
Q

Esophagus Physiological Constrictions

A 
Food/objects most likely to become stuck
- Arch of aorta
- Bronchus (left main stem)
- Cricoid cartilage
- Diaphragmatic hiatus 
ABCD
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6
Q

Esophagus Innervation and Blood supply

A

Innervation: Oespageal plexus

Blood supply: Esophageal branches of the thoracic aorta, azygos.

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7
Q

The Stomach

A 
Intraperitoneal organ.
Between esophagus and duodenum.
- Lesser and greater curvature 
Anatomical division:
- Cardia
- Fundus
- Body
- Pylorus
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8
Q

Cardia (Stomach)

A

Superior opening of stomach at T11 level.

Junction with esophagus, food comes thorugh.

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9
Q

Fundus (Stomach)

A

Superior and left of the cardia

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10
Q

Body

A

Large central portion inferior to fundus.

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11
Q

Pylorus

A

Connects to duodenum.

Divided into pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter.

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12
Q

Greater Curvature (Stomach) + blood supply

A

Convex
Lateral border
Short gastric arteries and the right and left gastro-omental arteries supply branches to greater curvature.

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13
Q

Lesser Curvature (Stomach) + blood supply + ligament

A

Shorter and concave
Medial surface
Gives attachment to hepatogastric ligament (connects to liver)
Supplied by left gastric artery and right gastric branch of hepatic artery.

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14
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Stomach

A

Anterior: Diaphragm, liver (left lobe), and anterior abdominal wall.
Posterior: Omental bursa (lesser sac), pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, spleen, and splenic artery.
Superior: Esophagus and diaphragm.
Inferior and lateral: Transversal mesocolon.

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15
Q

Innervation of Stomach

A

Parasympathetic nerve: anterior and posterior vagal nerve.

Sympathetic nerve: T6-T9 spinal cord segments and passes to the coeliac plexus.

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16
Q

Vascularization of Stomach

A

Highly vascularized.

  • Coeliac trunk
  • Right and left gastric arteries
  • Right and left gastro-omental arteries
  • Right and left gastric veins
  • Right and left gastro-omental veins
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17
Q

Small Intestine

A

6,5 m
Extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the ileocaecal junction.
- Duodenum: most proximal, retroperitoneal!
- Jejunum, Ileum: distal two parts, intraperitoneal!

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18
Q

Superior Duodenum

A

Spinal level L1
The cap
Connected to the liver by the hepatoduodena ligament

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19
Q

Descending Duodenum

A

L1-L3
Curves around the head of the pancreas
Posterior to transverse colon and anterior to right kidney
Major duodenal papilla: opening where bile and pancreatic secretion to enter from the ampulla of vater

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20
Q

Inferior Duodenum

A

L3
Crosses over the inferior vena cava and aorta
Supports lower part of pancreas

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21
Q

Ascending Duodenum

A

L3-L2
Curves anteriorly to join the jejunum
Sharp turn: duodenojejunum flexure

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22
Q

Anatomical Relations of Duodenum

A
  • Head of pancreas in the curve
  • Posterior: abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, bile duct, right kidney, ureter and L3 vertebra,
  • Anterior: Superior mesenteric artery/vein, gallbladder, right lobe of liver.
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23
Q

Jejunum

A

+/- 2,5 m

Begins at the duodenojejunal flexure

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24
Q

Ileum

A

+/- 3 m
Ends at the ileocaecal junction.
Invaginates into the caecum to form the ileocaecal valve.

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25
Blood Supply of Duodenum
Gastroduodenal artery Inferior pancreaticoduocenal artery Veins follow the major arteries and drain into the hepatic portal vein.
26
Blood Supply of Jejunum and Ileum
Superior mesenteric artery | Venous drainage in the superior mesenteric vein.
27
Large Intestine/Colon
``` +/- 1,5 m Caecum to anal canal Colon divided in four parts: - Ascending - Transverse - Descending - Sigmoid Covers the square shape of the abdomen. ```
28
Cecum
Most proximal in the right iliac fossa of the abdomen. Intraperitoneal Appendix: lymphoid pouch Connected by meso-appendix.
29
Ascending Colon
Retroperitoneal | Meets the right lobe of the liver and turns 90°
30
Transverse Colon
Intraperitoneal Extends from the right colic flexure to the spleen. Points 90° inferiorly Attached to the diaphragm by the phrenicocolic ligament.
31
Descending Colon
Retroperitoneal After left colic flexure Anterior to left kidney
32
Sigmoid Colon
Left lower quadrant Extending from left iliac fossa at the level of S3 vertebra. S-Shape
33
Anatomical Relation of Ascending Colon
``` Anterior: - Small intestine - Greater omentum - Anterior abdominal wall Posterior: - Iliacus and quadratus lumborum - Right kidney ```
34
Anatomical Relations of Transverse Colon
``` Anterior: - Greater Omentum - Anterior Abdominal wall Posterior: - Duodenum - Head of pancreas - Jejunum and ileum ```
35
Anatomical Relations of Descending Colon
``` Anterior: - Small intestine - Greater omentum - Anterior abdominal wall Posterior: - Iliacus and quadratus lumborum - Left kidney ```
36
Anatomical relations of Sigmoid Colon
``` Anterior: - Urinary bladder - Uterus and upper vagina Posterior: - Rectum - Sacrum - Ileum ```
37
Blood Supply of Colon
``` Ascending: - Superior mesenteric artery - Ileocolic and right colic arteries Transverse: - Right, middle and left colic arteries Descending: - Inferior mesenteric artery Sigmoid: - Sigmoid arteries ```
38
Rectum
``` Last digestive part Most distal, begins at S3 level. 12-16 cm divided in 3 parts: - Upper 1/3: Intraperitoneal - Middle 1/3: Retroperitoneal - Lower 1/3: No peritoneum (better for preventing infection) Terminates into anal canal. ```
39
Rectum Flexures
Sacral flexure Anorectal flexure Ampulla: final segment of rectum
40
Diaphragmatic Surface of Liver
Anterosuperior surface | Smooth and convex
41
Visceral Surface of the Liver
Posterioinferior surface Covered with peritoneum except fossa of gallbladder and porta hepatis. Irregular and flat.
42
Which segments is the visceral surface of the liver in contact with?
- Right kidney - Right adrenal gland - Right colic flexure - Transverse colon - First part of duodenum - Gallbladder - Esophagus - Stomach
43
Falciform Ligament of the Liver
Attaches anterior surface of liver to anterior abdominal wall. Anatomical division between left and right lobes.
44
Coronary Ligament of the Liver
Attaches superior surface of liver to inferior surface of diaphragm. Boundaries of the bare area of the liver (not covered by peritoneum, more affected by disease).
45
Triangular Ligaments of the Liver
Formed by anterior and posterior layer of coronary ligament on each side of liver, attaching the right and left lobes to the diaphragm.
46
Caudate Lobe of the Liver
Located on upper aspect of the visceral surface. Superior - Posterior. Between inferior vena cava and a fossa produced by ligamentum venosum.
47
Quadrate Lobe of the Liver
Located on the lower aspect of the visceral surface. Inferior - posterior. Between gallbladder and fossa produced by ligamentum teres.
48
Vascularization of the Liver
``` Hepatic artery proper - 25% Hepatic portal vein - 75% - Supplies liver with low oxygenated blood, with nutrients absorbed in small intestine. - Drainage ```
49
Anatomical Relations of the Liver
Superior: Diaphragm Anterior: Ribs (7-11th), anterior abdominal wall Posterior-inferior: Esophagus, right kidney and adrenal gland, right colic flexure, lesser omentum, duodenum, gallbladder, stomach.
50
Gallbadder
Gastrointestinal organ between the inferior right lobe and quadrate lobe. Intraperitoneal Concentrate and store bile produced by liver. Digestion of fats
51
Fundus of the Gallbladder
Distal portion | Projects into the inferior surface of the liver in the mid-clavicular line.
52
Body of the Gallbladder
Largest part of the gallbladder | Lies adjacent to the posteioinferior aspect of the liver, transverse colon and superior part of duodenum.
53
Neck of the Gallbladder
continuous with the cystic duct, leading into the biliary tree.
54
Biliary Tree
Series of gastrointestinal ducts allowing newly synthesized bile from the liver to be concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. - Common hepatic duct (liver) - Cystic duct - Pancreatic duct
55
Cystic duct of the Biliary Tree
Allows bile to flow in and out of the gallbladder. | Forms the common bile duct (with common hepatic duct).
56
Pancreatic Duct of the Biliary Tree
Forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater with the common bile duct. Empties in the duodenum.
57
Spleen
Under cover of the diaphragm and the ribcage. Intraperitoneal Function: Blood filter! Connected to the stomach and kidney by parts of the greater omentum.
58
Gastrosplenic ligament of the Spleen
Spleen to the greater curvature of the stomach.
59
Splenorenal Ligament of the Spleen
Hilum of the spleen to the left kidney.
60
Anatomical Relations of the Spleen
Anterior: Stomach Posterior: Diaphragm, left lung, ribs 9-11. Inferior: Left colic flexure (splenic flexure). Medial: Left kidney, tail of pancreas.
61
Pancreas
Retroperitoneal (except tail) Abdominal glandular organ Function: - Digestive - Exocrine: pancreatic juice to the biliary tree. - Hormonal - Endocrine: Blood levels of glucose.
62
Head of the Pancreas
The widest part of the pancreas.
63
Uncinate Process of the Pancreas
A projection arising from the lower part of the head and extending medially to lie beneath the body of the pancreas.
64
Neck of the Pancreas
Located between the head and the body of the pancreas.
65
Body of the Pancreas
Centrally located, crossing the midline of the human body to lie behind the stomach and to the left of the superior mesenteric vessels.
66
Tail of the Pancreas
Left end of the pancreas that lies within close proximity to the hilum of the spleen. Only part that is intraperitoneal.
67
Anatomical Relations of the Pancreas
``` Anterior: - Stomach - Duodenum: 1st part - Transverse mesocolon Lateral Right: - 2nd part of duodenum, descending - Ampulla of Vater Posterior: - Common bile duct - Spleen - Aorta and inferior vena cava pass - The superior mesenteric artery ```

Organ System Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology - BPT06 (34 decks)

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