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Organ System Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology - BPT06 > Structures and Organs of the Digestive Tract > Flashcards

Structures and Organs of the Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Esophagus

A

Approximately 25 cm.
Long fibromuscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach.
Upper oesophageal sphincter: Junction pharynx - oesophagus.
Lower oesophageal sphincter: Junction stomach - oesophagus.
Prevent entry of air and reflux of gastric content.

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2
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Esophagus - Cervical

A

Anterior: Trachea, thoracic duct, thyroid gland.
Posterior: Vertebral column, longus colli.
Lateral: Lobes of thyroid gland.

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3
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Esophagus - Thoracic

A 
Anterior: 
- Trachea
- Left main bronchus  
- Pericardium
- Left atrium
Posterior: 
- Bodies of thoracic vertebrae
- Thoracic duct
- Descending thoracic aorta.
Right: 
- Right mediastinal pleura
Left: 
- Left mediastinal pleura 
- Left subclavian artery
- Aortic arch
- Thoracic duct
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4
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Esophagus - Abdominal

A

Crosses the diaphragm
Anterior: Posterior surface of the left lobe of the liver.
Posterior: Left crus of the diaphragm
Lateral: left and right vagus nerve

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5
Q

Esophagus Physiological Constrictions

A 
Food/objects most likely to become stuck
- Arch of aorta
- Bronchus (left main stem)
- Cricoid cartilage
- Diaphragmatic hiatus 
ABCD
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6
Q

Esophagus Innervation and Blood supply

A

Innervation: Oespageal plexus

Blood supply: Esophageal branches of the thoracic aorta, azygos.

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7
Q

The Stomach

A 
Intraperitoneal organ.
Between esophagus and duodenum.
- Lesser and greater curvature 
Anatomical division:
- Cardia
- Fundus
- Body
- Pylorus
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8
Q

Cardia (Stomach)

A

Superior opening of stomach at T11 level.

Junction with esophagus, food comes thorugh.

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9
Q

Fundus (Stomach)

A

Superior and left of the cardia

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10
Q

Body

A

Large central portion inferior to fundus.

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11
Q

Pylorus

A

Connects to duodenum.

Divided into pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter.

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12
Q

Greater Curvature (Stomach) + blood supply

A

Convex
Lateral border
Short gastric arteries and the right and left gastro-omental arteries supply branches to greater curvature.

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13
Q

Lesser Curvature (Stomach) + blood supply + ligament

A

Shorter and concave
Medial surface
Gives attachment to hepatogastric ligament (connects to liver)
Supplied by left gastric artery and right gastric branch of hepatic artery.

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14
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Stomach

A

Anterior: Diaphragm, liver (left lobe), and anterior abdominal wall.
Posterior: Omental bursa (lesser sac), pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, spleen, and splenic artery.
Superior: Esophagus and diaphragm.
Inferior and lateral: Transversal mesocolon.

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15
Q

Innervation of Stomach

A

Parasympathetic nerve: anterior and posterior vagal nerve.

Sympathetic nerve: T6-T9 spinal cord segments and passes to the coeliac plexus.

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16
Q

Vascularization of Stomach

A

Highly vascularized.

  • Coeliac trunk
  • Right and left gastric arteries
  • Right and left gastro-omental arteries
  • Right and left gastric veins
  • Right and left gastro-omental veins
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17
Q

Small Intestine

A

6,5 m
Extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the ileocaecal junction.
- Duodenum: most proximal, retroperitoneal!
- Jejunum, Ileum: distal two parts, intraperitoneal!

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18
Q

Superior Duodenum

A

Spinal level L1
The cap
Connected to the liver by the hepatoduodena ligament

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19
Q

Descending Duodenum

A

L1-L3
Curves around the head of the pancreas
Posterior to transverse colon and anterior to right kidney
Major duodenal papilla: opening where bile and pancreatic secretion to enter from the ampulla of vater

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20
Q

Inferior Duodenum

A

L3
Crosses over the inferior vena cava and aorta
Supports lower part of pancreas

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21
Q

Ascending Duodenum

A

L3-L2
Curves anteriorly to join the jejunum
Sharp turn: duodenojejunum flexure

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22
Q

Anatomical Relations of Duodenum

A
  • Head of pancreas in the curve
  • Posterior: abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, bile duct, right kidney, ureter and L3 vertebra,
  • Anterior: Superior mesenteric artery/vein, gallbladder, right lobe of liver.
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23
Q

Jejunum

A

+/- 2,5 m

Begins at the duodenojejunal flexure

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24
Q

Ileum

A

+/- 3 m
Ends at the ileocaecal junction.
Invaginates into the caecum to form the ileocaecal valve.

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25
Q

Blood Supply of Duodenum

A

Gastroduodenal artery
Inferior pancreaticoduocenal artery
Veins follow the major arteries and drain into the hepatic portal vein.

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26
Q

Blood Supply of Jejunum and Ileum

A

Superior mesenteric artery

Venous drainage in the superior mesenteric vein.

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27
Q

Large Intestine/Colon

A 
\+/- 1,5 m
Caecum to anal canal
Colon divided in four parts:
- Ascending 
- Transverse
- Descending 
- Sigmoid
Covers the square shape of the abdomen.
28
Q

Cecum

A

Most proximal in the right iliac fossa of the abdomen.
Intraperitoneal
Appendix: lymphoid pouch
Connected by meso-appendix.

29
Q

Ascending Colon

A

Retroperitoneal

Meets the right lobe of the liver and turns 90°

30
Q

Transverse Colon

A

Intraperitoneal
Extends from the right colic flexure to the spleen.
Points 90° inferiorly
Attached to the diaphragm by the phrenicocolic ligament.

31
Q

Descending Colon

A

Retroperitoneal
After left colic flexure
Anterior to left kidney

32
Q

Sigmoid Colon

A

Left lower quadrant
Extending from left iliac fossa at the level of S3 vertebra.
S-Shape

33
Q

Anatomical Relation of Ascending Colon

A 
Anterior: 
- Small intestine 
- Greater omentum
- Anterior abdominal wall
Posterior: 
- Iliacus and quadratus lumborum
- Right kidney
34
Q

Anatomical Relations of Transverse Colon

A 
Anterior:
- Greater Omentum 
- Anterior Abdominal wall
Posterior: 
- Duodenum
- Head of pancreas
- Jejunum and ileum
35
Q

Anatomical Relations of Descending Colon

A 
Anterior: 
- Small intestine
- Greater omentum
- Anterior abdominal wall
Posterior: 
- Iliacus and quadratus lumborum 
- Left kidney
36
Q

Anatomical relations of Sigmoid Colon

A 
Anterior: 
- Urinary bladder
- Uterus and upper vagina
Posterior: 
- Rectum 
- Sacrum
- Ileum
37
Q

Blood Supply of Colon

A 
Ascending: 
- Superior mesenteric artery
- Ileocolic and right colic arteries 
Transverse: 
- Right, middle and left colic arteries
Descending: 
- Inferior mesenteric artery
Sigmoid: 
- Sigmoid arteries
38
Q

Rectum

A 
Last digestive part
Most distal, begins at S3 level.
12-16 cm divided in 3 parts: 
- Upper 1/3: Intraperitoneal
- Middle 1/3: Retroperitoneal
- Lower 1/3: No peritoneum (better for preventing infection)
Terminates into anal canal.
39
Q

Rectum Flexures

A

Sacral flexure
Anorectal flexure

Ampulla: final segment of rectum

40
Q

Diaphragmatic Surface of Liver

A

Anterosuperior surface

Smooth and convex

41
Q

Visceral Surface of the Liver

A

Posterioinferior surface
Covered with peritoneum except fossa of gallbladder and porta hepatis.
Irregular and flat.

42
Q

Which segments is the visceral surface of the liver in contact with?

A
  • Right kidney
  • Right adrenal gland
  • Right colic flexure
  • Transverse colon
  • First part of duodenum
  • Gallbladder
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
43
Q

Falciform Ligament of the Liver

A

Attaches anterior surface of liver to anterior abdominal wall.
Anatomical division between left and right lobes.

44
Q

Coronary Ligament of the Liver

A

Attaches superior surface of liver to inferior surface of diaphragm.
Boundaries of the bare area of the liver (not covered by peritoneum, more affected by disease).

45
Q

Triangular Ligaments of the Liver

A

Formed by anterior and posterior layer of coronary ligament on each side of liver, attaching the right and left lobes to the diaphragm.

46
Q

Caudate Lobe of the Liver

A

Located on upper aspect of the visceral surface. Superior - Posterior.
Between inferior vena cava and a fossa produced by ligamentum venosum.

47
Q

Quadrate Lobe of the Liver

A

Located on the lower aspect of the visceral surface. Inferior - posterior.
Between gallbladder and fossa produced by ligamentum teres.

48
Q

Vascularization of the Liver

A 
Hepatic artery proper
- 25% 
Hepatic portal vein
- 75%
- Supplies liver with low oxygenated blood, with nutrients absorbed in small intestine. 
- Drainage
49
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Liver

A

Superior: Diaphragm
Anterior: Ribs (7-11th), anterior abdominal wall
Posterior-inferior: Esophagus, right kidney and adrenal gland, right colic flexure, lesser omentum, duodenum, gallbladder, stomach.

50
Q

Gallbadder

A

Gastrointestinal organ
between the inferior right lobe and quadrate lobe.
Intraperitoneal
Concentrate and store bile produced by liver.
Digestion of fats

51
Q

Fundus of the Gallbladder

A

Distal portion

Projects into the inferior surface of the liver in the mid-clavicular line.

52
Q

Body of the Gallbladder

A

Largest part of the gallbladder

Lies adjacent to the posteioinferior aspect of the liver, transverse colon and superior part of duodenum.

53
Q

Neck of the Gallbladder

A

continuous with the cystic duct, leading into the biliary tree.

54
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Series of gastrointestinal ducts allowing newly synthesized bile from the liver to be concentrated and stored in the gallbladder.

  • Common hepatic duct (liver)
  • Cystic duct
  • Pancreatic duct
55
Q

Cystic duct of the Biliary Tree

A

Allows bile to flow in and out of the gallbladder.

Forms the common bile duct (with common hepatic duct).

56
Q

Pancreatic Duct of the Biliary Tree

A

Forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater with the common bile duct.
Empties in the duodenum.

57
Q

Spleen

A

Under cover of the diaphragm and the ribcage.
Intraperitoneal
Function: Blood filter!
Connected to the stomach and kidney by parts of the greater omentum.

58
Q

Gastrosplenic ligament of the Spleen

A

Spleen to the greater curvature of the stomach.

59
Q

Splenorenal Ligament of the Spleen

A

Hilum of the spleen to the left kidney.

60
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Spleen

A

Anterior: Stomach
Posterior: Diaphragm, left lung, ribs 9-11.
Inferior: Left colic flexure (splenic flexure).
Medial: Left kidney, tail of pancreas.

61
Q

Pancreas

A

Retroperitoneal (except tail)
Abdominal glandular organ
Function:
- Digestive - Exocrine: pancreatic juice to the biliary tree.
- Hormonal - Endocrine: Blood levels of glucose.

62
Q

Head of the Pancreas

A

The widest part of the pancreas.

63
Q

Uncinate Process of the Pancreas

A

A projection arising from the lower part of the head and extending medially to lie beneath the body of the pancreas.

64
Q

Neck of the Pancreas

A

Located between the head and the body of the pancreas.

65
Q

Body of the Pancreas

A

Centrally located, crossing the midline of the human body to lie behind the stomach and to the left of the superior mesenteric vessels.

66
Q

Tail of the Pancreas

A

Left end of the pancreas that lies within close proximity to the hilum of the spleen. Only part that is intraperitoneal.

67
Q

Anatomical Relations of the Pancreas

A 
Anterior: 
- Stomach
- Duodenum: 1st part
- Transverse mesocolon
Lateral Right: 
- 2nd part of duodenum, descending
- Ampulla of Vater
Posterior: 
- Common bile duct 
- Spleen
- Aorta and inferior vena cava pass 
- The superior mesenteric artery

Organ System Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology - BPT06 (34 decks)

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