Endocrine System Pathology Flashcards
Signs and Symptoms of Endocrine Dysfunction That Physiotherapy Can Treat
Muscle weakness, atrophy. Myalgia Fatigue Carpal tunnel syndrome adhesive capsulitis (diabetes mellitus) Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Hand stiffness Synovial fluid changes
Hyperpituitarism
Over secretion of one or more hormones:
GH → Acromegaly, gigantism
ACTH → Cushing disease
Cushing Syndrome
High concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Persistent hyperglycemia, protein tissue wasting, abnormal fat distribution, lowered resistance to infection…
Hypopituitarism - Definition and Cause
Absent or abnormal secretion of GH and ACTH.
Is rare and can be caused by:
• Surgical removal (cancer)
• Tumors
• Hemorrhage
• Reversible disorder like starvation, anorexia, anemia,
Hypopituitarism - Functional Outcome and Clinical Manifestation
That we can treat: • Weakness • Fatigue • Lethargy • Apathy • Orthostatic Hypotension GH deficiency: short stature, delayed growth, delayed puberty. Adrenocorticotropic deficiency: hypoglycemia, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain.
Hyperthyroidism - Definition and Symptoms
Excessive secretion of thyroid hormone (TH).
• May result from immunologic or genetic factors.
• More common in women
• As TH is stimulator can increase the volume of catecholamines (affecting HR, SV)
• Weight loss and increased appetite
• Sweating
• Diarrhea
• Congestive heart failure
• Increased risk for myocardial infarction.
Systemic Manifestation of Hyperthyroidism
Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects: - Increased pulse/tachycardia/palpations. - Increased cardiac output, blood volume. - Weakness of respiratory muscles. - Increased respiratory rate. Musculoskeletal effects: - Muscle weakness and fatigue - Muscle atrophy - Chronic periarthritis
Hypothyroidism
Deficiency of TH. Most common. Results in generalized slowed body metabolism (bradycardia, decreased GI motility, decreased in body heat production). Characterized by: Type I: hormone deficiency Type II: hormone resistance Associated with fibromyalgia.
Systemic Manifestation of Hypothyroidism
Musculoskeletal effects:
Proximal muscle weakness, stiffness, myalgias.
Carpal tunnel syndrome, muscular and joint edema.
Cardiovascular effect:
Bradycardia, congestive heart failure.
Poor peripheral circulation, cardiomyopathy.
Adipose Tissue
Can be classified as the largest endocrine organ in the
body.
Neurotransmitters and glucose directly act on adipocytes to induce the release of a number of different local autocrine hormones (can go through the bloodstream as endocrine hormones).
Obesity - Definition and Leptin
Complex, chronic disease characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat.
Leptin acts on the hypothalamus to alter hunger, ↑leptin → ↓hunger. Leptin activated CD4+/CD8+ causing proliferation.
Metabolic Syndrome - Definition
Constellation of metabolic risk factors that is strongly associated to type 2 diabetes and the promotion of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Diagnostic criteria: belly measure >102cm in men, >88cm in women.
Diabetes Mellitus - Definition
Chronic, systemic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (excess glucose in the blood) and disruption of the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Defect in the secretion of insulin, action of insulin or both.
Diabetes Mellitus - Type 1
Cause of hyperglycemia is an absolute deficiency of insulin production and secretion. Pancreas not producing insulin.
Results from cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus - Type II
Adult-onset DM. More prevalent.
Cause is a combination of cellular resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response.
Pancreas producing insulin but cells are not receiving it → resistance to insulin!
