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Organ System Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology - BPT06 > Heart Anatomy > Flashcards

Heart Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

2 Coordinated systole - First in the atrium, then in the ventricle.

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2
Q

Heart Features

A

70 beats/min
300g male, 250g female. Size of a fist.
Function: circulation pump to transport the blood around the body.

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3
Q

Apex of the Heart

A

Oriented inferiorly, anteriorly toward left hip.

Located between 5th and 6th rib.

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4
Q

Location of the Heart

A 
Inferior, middle mediastinum.
Behind sternum
Between lungs
On the diaphragm 
Extends obliquely from 2nd rib to 5th intercostal space
Base towards right shoulder
Left ventricle is anterior.
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5
Q

Heart Chambers

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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6
Q

Valves and septum

A

Valves between chambers
Mitral valve - between left atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid valve - between right atrium and ventricle
Septum between sides (right and left)
Ventricular septum - between ventricles
Atrial septum - between atriums

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7
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure

A

120 mmHg

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8
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

80 mmHg

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9
Q

Pulmonary Artery Pressure

A

15-25 mmHg

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10
Q

Low Oxygenated Blood - Travel

A

Comes from the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium to right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.

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11
Q

High Oxygenated Blood - Travel

A

From lungs, through the pulmonary veins, to left atrium, to left ventricle to the rest of the body through the aorta.

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12
Q

Anterior Sternocostal Surface of the Heart

A

Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right ventricle in the middle, left ventricle on the right side.

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13
Q

Posterior Surface (Base) of the Heart

A

Arch + descending aorta
Left and right pulmonary arteries
Left and right pulmonary veins
Superior and inferior vena cava

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14
Q

Heart Arteries

A

Left and Right coronary arteries (ascending aorta)
Crown:
- Brachiocephalic trunk: Right subclavian artery, right common carotid artery.
- Left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery.
Left and Right aortic sinuses within the aorta.

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15
Q

Heart Veins

A 
Coronary Sinus:
- Great cardiac vein
- Small cardiac vein
- Middle cardiac vein
- Left marginal vein
Left posterior ventricular vein
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16
Q

Aortic Sinuses

A 
Left coronary artery: 
→ Circumflex artery → Left marginal artery
→ Anterior interventricular artery
Right coronary artery:
→ Right marginal artery
→ Posterior interventricular artery
17
Q

Valves

A

Ensure blood flow in one direction
Composed of connective tissue
4 valves, 2 categories:
- Atrioventricular valves: tricuspid and mitral
- Semilunar valve: pulmonary valve and aortic valve

18
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle
Prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle to right atrium.
Low oxygenated blood (pulmonary circulation)
3 cusps

19
Q

Mitral Valve

A

Bicuspid valve
Between left atrium and left ventricle
Prevents backflow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium.
High oxygenated blood (systemic circulation)
2 Cusps

20
Q

Aortic Valve

A

Between left ventricle and aorta
Prevents backflow of blood from aorta to left ventricle
High oxygenated blood (systemic circulation)
3 cusps

21
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Prevents backflow of blood from pulmonary artery to right ventricle.
Low oxygenated blood (pulmonary circulation)
3 cusps

22
Q

Opening and Closing of the Valves

A 
Diastole: 
- Mitral valve and tricuspid valve open
- Pulmonary and aortic valves closed
Systole: 
- Mitral valve and tricuspid valve closed 
- Pulmonary valve and aortic valve open
23
Q

Heart Wall Structure

A
  • Pericardium
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
24
Q

Pericardium

A
  • Fibrous layer (outer)
  • Double serous layer
  • Parietal layer
    Function:
  • Protection against infection
  • Reduce friction, lubrification
  • Help to avoid overfilling of the heart
  • Sets the heart in the correct place so it doesn’t move around the mediastinum
25
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral layer pericardium

coronary blood vessels

26
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle fibers

Tunica media

27
Q

Endocardium

A

Connective tissue/endothelium

Tunica intima

28
Q

Heart Papillary Muscles

A

Located in the ventricles, extend to the valve cusps.
3 papillary muscles in the right ventricle, corresponding to the tricuspid valve (3 cusps).
2 papillary muscles in the left ventricle, corresponding to the bicuspid (mitral) valve (2 cusps).
Prevents prolapse of the leaflets of the valves during ventricular contraction.

29
Q

Heart Pectinate Muscels

A

Parallel ridges in the walls of the atria (similar to a comb).
Increase muscle contractions.

30
Q

Heart Trabeculae Carnae

A

Rounded irregular muscular columns
Project from inner surface of ventricles
Increase muscular contractions

31
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular tissue of the heart.

Pumps the blood through the heart and out of the heart.

32
Q

Nerves of the Heart

A

Right and left vagus nerves (parasympathetic)
Sympathetic cardiac nerve
Phrenic nerve

33
Q

What is the pacemaker?

A

Sinoatrial node

Works independently. Does not need CNS stimulation to beat, needs sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

34
Q

Cardiac Conduction System

A

Generation and propagation of electrical signals → cardiac muscle contraction.
Sequence:
1. Sinoatrial node
2. Atrioventricular node
3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of HIS)
4. Left and Right bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers

35
Q

Electrocardiograph - p-wave, q-wave, qrs complex, t-wave

A

P-wave: Atrial depolarization (contraction)
Q-wave: Electrical signal through bundle of his and along upper part of septum.
QRS Complex: Spike - depolarization of ventricles (contraction)
T-wave: Repolarization of ventricles

Organ System Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology - BPT06 (34 decks)

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