Urinary System-Chapter 50

Question 1

what must an animal’s body be able to do in order to maintain osmotic balance?

Answer 1

(1) take in water from environment
(2) excrete excess water into the environment
(3) exchange solutes to maintain homeostasis

Question 2

the measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of a cell by osmosis

Answer 2

osmotic pressure

Question 3

the measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of a cell by osmosis

Answer 3

tonicity

Question 4

more solute, less water, will take in water from surroundings

Answer 4

hypertonic

Question 5

less solute, more water, will lose water to surroundings

Answer 5

hypotonic

Question 6

equal water exchange with surroundings

Answer 6

isotonic

Question 7

water will always move from ______ to _________

Answer 7

hypotonic to hypertonic

Question 8

organisms that are in osmotic equilibrium with their environment, most marine invertebrates and chondrichthythes

Answer 8

osmoconformers

Question 9

maintain a constant (hypertonic or hypotonic), includes most vertebrates and all terrestrial animals

Answer 9

osmoregulators

Question 10

produced when amino acids and nucleic acids are broken down, the amino group is removed and __________ is formed

Answer 10

ammonia (NH3)

Question 11

ammonia is only safe in dilute concentrations, excessive accumulation of ammonia derivatives in joints causes _______ in humans

Answer 11

gout

Question 12

How do bony fishes and immature amphibians eliminate nitrogenous waste?

Answer 12

by diffusion via the gills

Question 13

Who do chondrichthyes, adult amphibians and mammals eliminate nitrogenous waste?

Answer 13

convert ammonia into urea which is dissolved in water

Question 14

How do birds, reptiles and insects eliminate nitrogenous waste?

Answer 14

convert ammonia into water insoluble uric acid, uses more carbon

Question 15

way for nitrogenous waste to be excreted through a membrane

Answer 15

vacuoles

Question 16

flatworms have a network of tubes called __________ that branch into bulblike _________

Answer 16

protonephridia

flame cells

Question 17

remove solutes and excess water from the body

Answer 17

flame cells

Question 18

open to the outside of the body through a pore

Answer 18

protonephridia

Question 19

one in each segment of an earthworm, a series of convoluted tubules that remove excess water and solutes from blood and produce urine, urine excreted through a pore

Answer 19

nephridia

Question 20

extensions of the digestive tract seen in insects, water and K+ are secreted into tubules by active transport, create an osmotic gradient that draws water into the tubules by osmosis, waste left behind and water and K+ reabsorbed

Answer 20

malphigian tubules

Question 21

cartilaginous fish are _________ compared to sea water, most of the urea is reabsorbed and pooled in the blood, solute concentration in blood is equal to the sea water

Answer 21

isotonic

Question 22

saltwater bony fish are __________ to the sea water, water wants to leave their bodies therefore they drink large amounts of seawater, ions in blood eliminated across gill surface

Answer 22

hypotonic

Question 23

freshwater bony fish are __________ to the fresh water, water wants to enter their body from the environment, kidney produces large amounts of dilute urine, reabsorb ions across nephrons

Answer 23

hypertonic

Question 24

terrestrial reptiles absorb much of the salt and water in their blood in the kidney, move the dilute urine into the ______ where water is reabsorbed

Answer 24

cloaca

Question 25

mammals and birds are the only vertebrates that can produce urine that is hypertonic to body fluids in the kidney, this is accomplished by the __________

Answer 25

renal tubules

Question 26

each kidney is made up of about 1 million functioning ________, urine is produced from the blood here

Answer 26

nephrons

Question 27

blood is carried into the _______, plasma is filtered as it is forced through porous capillary walls, the result is _______

Answer 27

glomerulus | filtrate

Question 28

filtrate enters the ___________, unfiltered blood drains out, cells and large proteins stay behind

Answer 28

Bowman's capsule

Question 29

filtrate moves through the __________, by the time it exits the collecting duct, it is now ________

Answer 29

renal tubules | urine

Question 30

blood plasma is filtered out of the glomerulus into the tubule system

Answer 30

filtration

Question 31

selective movement of substances out of the filtrate back into the blood, includes water, Na, Cl, K, Ca

Answer 31

reabsorption

Question 32

active movement of substance from the blood into the filtrate

Answer 32

secretion

Question 33

kidneys ________ electrolyte balance in the blood by reabsorption and secretion

Answer 33

regulate

Question 34

kidneys _________ toxins and metabolic wastes

Answer 34

eliminate

Question 35

kidneys __________ relatively constant levels of blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity

Answer 35

maintain

Question 36

secreted by the pituitary gland, stimulated by an increase in the osmolarity of blood, causes walls of distal tubule and collecting duct to be more permeable to water, increases reabsorption of water

Answer 36

antidiuretic hormone

Question 37

secreted by the adrenal cortex, stimulated by low levels of Na in the blood, causes distal tubule and collecting ducts to reabsorb Na, reabsorption of Cl and water follows

Answer 37

aldosterone

Question 38

marine reptiles and birds drink seawater and excrete an isotonic urine, solute concentration in blood will be too high, eliminate excess salt via ________

Answer 38

salt glands