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Biology 110 > Protostomes- Chapter 34 > Flashcards

Protostomes- Chapter 34 Flashcards

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1
Q

no body cavity

A

acoelomate

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2
Q

body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm (called the pseudocoel)

A

pseudocoelomates

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3
Q

body cavity entirely within the mesoderm (called the coelom

A

coelomates

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4
Q

What does a coelomate body design allow for?

A

(1) repositions bod fluid
(2) allows complex tissues/organs to develop
(3) allows for a larger body size

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5
Q

a zygote divides to form a ________, a hollow ball of cells

A

blastula

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6
Q

blastula indents to form a two-layer-thick ball with a _____________, which is an opening to the digestive system

A

blastopore

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7
Q

_______________ develop the mouth first from the blatopore. If an anus develops, it comes from another region of the embryo

A

Protostomes

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8
Q

What is the cleavage pattern of the embryonic cells in Protostomes?

A

spiral cleavage, cells “move” as they divide, happens to the subgroup Spiralia

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9
Q

What is the developmental fate of Protostome cells?

A

determinate development, embryonic cells will form specific body regions, remove one and development ceases

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10
Q

How does the coelom originate in Protostomes?

A

it forms simple and directly from splitting the mesoderm

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11
Q

What advantages does segmentation allow for?

A

(1) allows redundant organ systems in adults (annelids and arthropods)
(2) allows for more efficient and flexible movement because each segment can move independently

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12
Q

grow by adding mass to an existing body, obvious spiral cleavage

A

Spiralians

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13
Q

wide variety of sizes and body forms, live in many different environments, include snails, slugs, clams, octopuses

A

Mollusks

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14
Q

most groups have remained in the oceans, many are delicious, pearls are produced in oysters, can be pests

A

Mollusks

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15
Q

What is the Mollusk body plan?

A

bilaterally symmetrical, except for cephalopods, all mollusks have an open circulatory system (organs are bathed in blood and lymph), a muscular foot is adapted for locomotion, attachment, and food capture

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16
Q

epidermis that covers the dorsal side of the body, forms a cavity which houses the respiratory organs and the openings of excretory, reproductive, and digestive organs, these organs together form the visceral mass

A

mantle

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the shell?

A

CaCO3 rich shell, used for protection, some species have internalized or reduced shells

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18
Q

most mollusks have a rasping tongue-like organ called the __________, used originally for scrapping and crushing, now modified into many different structures (sharp beak, drill, poison dart)

A

radula

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19
Q

How do mollusks reproduce?

A

distinct male and female individuals, most engage in external fertilization, in marine mollusks embryos develop through spiral cleavage

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20
Q

free swimming larval stage of mollusks

A

trochophores

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21
Q

second larval stage of mollusks, only in bivalves and gastropods

A

veliger

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22
Q

What are the 3 classes of Mollusks that we need to know?

A

(1) Polyplacophora
(2) Gastropoda
(3) Bivalvia
(4) Cephalopoda

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23
Q

marine mollusk, oval bodies with eight overlapping dorsal calcareous plates, most are grazing herbivores

A

Chitons (Polyplacophora)

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24
Q

primarily marine, some have invaded land, pairs of tentacles with eyes at the ends, during embryological development the undergo torsion (mantle cavity and anus are moved from the posterior to the front) and coiling (spiral winding of the shell)

A

Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda)

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25
Q

have two lateral (right and left) shells (valves) hinged together dorsally, most are sessile filter-feeders, water circulation is mediated by siphons and rhythmic beating of cilia on gills

A

clams, scallops, mussels, oysters (Bivalvia)

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26
Q

active marine predators, have a foot with a series of arms equipped with suction cups, (squids have 10, octopuses have 8, nautiluses have 80-90), have highly developed nervous systems, complex behavior and intelligence

A

Cephalopoda

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27
Q

many Cephalopods have an ____ sac and are capable of expelling ink to confuse predators, many can change color using pouches of pigment called chromatophores

A

ink

28
Q

worms that always exhibit segmentation, building of body from repeated units, allows for specialization of each unit

A

Annelida

29
Q

Annelida consist of a series of ring like segments that are divided internally by _______, the front segment contain specialized sensory organs, a ventral nerve cord connect the ganglia in each segment with each other and the _______

A

septa

brain

30
Q

Annelids move using their ________ as a skeleton, most have a closed circulatory system (blood vessels), exchange O2 and CO2 through their body surfaces, the excretory system repeats at each segment

A

coelom

31
Q

What are the 2 classes of Annelids?

A

(1) Polychaeta

(2) Clitellata

32
Q

mostly marine worms, have a differentiated head, have paired _________ on most segments, used in swimming, burrowing, and crawling, sexes are usually separate and many live in tubes

A

Parapodia

33
Q

includes ___________ mostly terrestrial, live underground and eat their way through soil, consist of 100-175 segments with a mouth on the first and an anus on the last, lack eyes and head, move through soil using __________ (little chitinous bristles that anchor soil, no parapodia)

A

Earthworms (part of Clitella)

chaetae

34
Q

burrowing and soil consuming, hermaphroditic, _______ secretes mucus that holds the worms together during copulation, also secretes a mucus cocoon in which the fertilized egg develops

A

clitellum

35
Q

occur mostly in freshwater, usually flattened dorsoventrally, cross-fertilization is obligatory, have no chaetae, medicinal leech secretes an anticoagulant

A

Leeches (part of Clitellata)

36
Q

increase in size by molting their external skeletons

A

Ecdysozoans

37
Q

most successful animals, about 1 million species (2/3 of all species, about 80% are insects), affect all aspects of human life

A

Phylum Arthropoda

38
Q

jointed appendages, have an exoskeleton made of chitin and protein (limit body size and protection), segmented body fused into tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)

A

arthropod body plan

39
Q

arthropods have a ____ circulatory system, and ___________ eyes composed of independent visual units

A

open

compound eyes

40
Q

some arthropods have simple eyes or ______ which have single lenses and distinguish light from dark

A

ocelli

41
Q

arthropods periodically undergo ______ or molting which is the shedding of the outer cuticule layer of exoskeleton

A

ecdysis

42
Q

What are the 4 major classes of arthropods?

A

(1) Chelicerata
(2) Myripodia
(3) Crustacea
(4) Hexapoda

43
Q

includes spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, ticks and mites

A

class chelicerata

44
Q

Chelicerata have bodies that are divided into ___ main tagmata

A

two

45
Q

anterior appendages, often function as fangs or pincers

A

chelicerae

46
Q

posterior to chelicerae, resemble legs, used as copulatory organs, pincers, or sensors

A

pedipalps

47
Q

order ___________ includes 35,000 species of spiders, catch prey in silk webs forced out of spinnerets, some hunt prey, all spiders have ________________ leading through their chelicerae

A

araneae

poison glands

48
Q

order _______ includes mites and ticks, large, diverse order, fused tagmata, ticks are larger than mites and are blood eating _____________’s

A

acari

parasites

49
Q

primarily aquatic organisms, include crabs, shrimps, lobsters, and barnacles

A

class crustacea

50
Q

crustacea have three tagmata, but the front two may fuse, they also have __ pair of antennae, __ pairs of appendages and various pairs of legs, most appendages are ________ which means they branch into two parts

A

2
3
biramous

51
Q

evolved from a pair of limbs that took on a chewing function

A

mandibles

52
Q

the majority of crustacea develop through a _________ stage

A

nauplius

53
Q

order that includes shrimp, lobsters, crabs, and crayfish, have ten feet, exoskeleton enforced by calcium carbonate, appendages aid in swimming

A

decapoda

54
Q

order that includes barnacles and crustaceans that are sessile as adults, have free swimming larvae, hermaphroditic, some have stalks

A

cirripedia

55
Q

class that includes insects, largest group of animals with more than half of all named species, primarily terrestrial

A

class hexapoda

56
Q

For each human, there are ______ insects alive. That means there are 1 billion billion insects

A

200

57
Q

What are the 3 regions of hexapoda?

A

(1) head
(2) thorax
(3) abdomen

58
Q

includes a pair of antennae, modified mouthparts, compound eyes

A

head

59
Q

has three pairs of legs, may have one or two pairs of wings

A

thorax

60
Q

includes of the major organs in the body

A

abdomen

61
Q

hexapods have a ______ digestive tract, as digestion takes place in the ________, excretion takes place in the __________, and the _______ permeates all tissues

A

coiled
stomach
Malpighian tubules
tracheae

62
Q

as seen in grasshoppers, immature stage is similar to the adults

A

simple metamorphosis

63
Q

as seen in butterflies, immature larva are wormlike, a resting stage (pupa or chrysalis) precedes the final molt into adult form

A

complete metamorphosis

64
Q

part of myriapoda, one leg pain on each segment, are all carnivores, eat insects, may be poisonous

A

centipedes

65
Q

part of myripoda, two legs on some or all segments, are largely herbivores

A

millipedes

Biology 110 (18 decks)

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