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Biology 110 > Deuterostomes- Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Deuterostomes- Chapter 35 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the phylogeny of deuterostomes?

A

bilateria and triploblasts

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2
Q

body coverings and nervous system

A

outer ectoderm

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3
Q

skeleton and muscles

A

middle mesoderm

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4
Q

digestive organs and intesines

A

inner endoderm

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5
Q

space in between tissues, surrounded by mesoderm

A

coelom

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6
Q

the zygote divides to form a _______ which is a hollow ball of cells

A

blastula

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7
Q

the blastula indents to form a two-layer-thick ball with a _________ that is the opening to the outside (digestive system)

A

blastopore

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8
Q

bilaterally symmetrical animals can be divided into 2 groups. how do they differ?

A

(1) deuterostomes develop the anus first from the blastopore

(2) other organisms develop the mouth later from another region of the embryo

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9
Q

the cleavage pattern of embryonic deuterostome cells exhibit __________ as cells stay in position as they divide

A

radial cleavage

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10
Q

deuterostomes cells have __________ development as embryonic cells can develop a new individual

A

indeterminate

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11
Q

the coelom originates indirectly from the outpocketing of the ____________ which is the early gut

A

archenteron

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12
Q

ancient phylum of marine animals, about 6000 living species, endoskeletons

A

phylum echindodermata

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13
Q

echinoderm larvae are elongate and ____________ symmetcial, modern adults now have _________ symmetry (5 lines), thier body structure is discussed in reference to their mouths or the ___________

A

bilaterally
pentaradial
oral surface

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14
Q

the endoskeleton of echinoderms is composed of either movable or fixed calcium rich (calcite) plates called ________

A

ossicles

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15
Q

echinoderms also have ________________ tissue which provides them the ability to autotomize body parts

A

mutable collagenous

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16
Q

a hydraulic system that aids in movement, feeding, and circulation, based on the coelom, composed of a central ring canal from which five radial canals extend

A

water vascular system

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17
Q

opening for water entry

A

madreporite

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18
Q

tube feet, these are controlled by pressure from the WVS and musculature

A

papulae

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19
Q

some echinoderms reproduce asexually by _______, as broken parts can regenerate the whole animal, most reproduction within the phylum is sexual and external

A

splitting

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20
Q

How many extinct classes of echinoderms are there?

A

20

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21
Q

How many extant classes of echinoderms are there?

A

5

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22
Q

class of echinoderms that includes sea stars and sea daisies

A

asteroidea

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23
Q

class of echinoderms that includes sea lilies and feather stars

A

crinoidea

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24
Q

class of echinoderms that includes sea urchins and sand dollars

A

echinoidea

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25
Q

class of echinoderms that includes sea cucumbers

A

holothuroidea

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26
Q

class of echinoderms that includes brittle stars

A

ophiuroidea

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27
Q

What are the 5 features that characterize chordates?

A

(1) nerve cord
(2) notochord
(3) pharyngeal slits
(4) postanal tail
(5) endostyle

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28
Q

What are the 3 subphyla of chordates?

A

(1) cephalochordata
(2) urochordata
(3) vertebrata

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29
Q

first chordates, includes the oldest known chordate fossil which is Pikaia

A

cephalochordates

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30
Q

cephalochordata show typical segmentation, but have no anterior sense organs or _____, they feed on plankton using cilia generated currents

A

brain

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31
Q

part of urochordata, secrete a cellulose tunic that surrounds the animal, marine animals that have larvae like tadpoles, adults typically lose the tail, nerve cord, and notocord

A

tunicates

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32
Q

chordates with a spinal column, distinguished from nonvertebrates by a vertebral column and head

A

vertebrata

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33
Q

liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, heart, and closed circulatory system

A

internal organs of vertebrata

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34
Q

made of cartilage or bone, makes great size and movement possible

A

endoskeleton

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35
Q

most diverse vertebrate group, half of all vertebrates, vary greatly in size, shape, color and appearance

A

fishes

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36
Q

what are characteristics that all fishes have in common?

A

(1) vertebral column
(2) jaws and paired appendages
(3) internal gills
(4) single-loop blood circulation
(5) nutritional deficiencies

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37
Q

the first fishes had mouths with no jaws, _____________ have bony plates and are no extinct, ___________ include lampreys and hagfish

A

ostracoderms

cyclostomata

38
Q

When did fish jaws develop?

A

late Silurian period, jaws evolved from the anterior gill arches that were made of cartilage

39
Q

fishes were the first vertebrates to develop _____, as they evolved from rough scales on mouth’s skin and were easily lost but continuously replaced

A

teeth

40
Q

fishes have a _________________ system that has a series of sensory organs under the skin that detect changes in pressure waves

A

lateral line system

41
Q

spiny jawed fishes from the devonian period, part of the first jawed fish

A

acanthodii

42
Q

armored fishes from the devonian period, part of first jawed fish

A

placodermi

43
Q

the first jawed fishes were replaced by ______ and ________

A

sharks and bony fishes

44
Q

became the dominant sea predators during the Carboniferous period, have a light, flexible skeleton made of cartilage and paired fins that make them superior swimmers

A

chondrichthyes

45
Q

evolved at the same time as sharks, adopted a heavy internal skeleton made completely of bone, most species rich group of all vertebrates

A

bony fishes

46
Q

a gas-filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate their buoyant density

A

swim-bladder

47
Q

a hard plate, the operculum, covers the gills, its flexing permits water pumping over gills

A

gill cover

48
Q

ray finned fishes, parallel bony rays support and stiffen each fin, there are no muscles within the fin

A

actinopterygii

49
Q

lobe finned fishes, have paired fins that consist of a long fleshy muscular lobe, supported by central co-jointed bones, amphibian ancestors

A

sarcopterygii

50
Q

first vertebrates to walk on land, damp-skinned vertebrates

A

amphibians

51
Q

What are some adaptations that vertebrates needed to adapt to land?

A

(1) Legs to support body
(2) lungs to extract O2 from air
(3) redesigned heart to drive larger muscles
(4) reproduction in H20 to prevent egg drying
(5) system to prevent whole body desiccation

52
Q

What did amphibians evolve from?

A

lobe finned fish

53
Q

What changes occurred to the heart for land adaptation?

A

heart went from being 2 or 3 chambers to allow circulation to the lungs

54
Q

What are the 3 orders of amphibians?

A

(1) anura (w/o tail)
(2) caudata (visible tail)
(3) apoda (without legs)

55
Q

order that includes frogs (smooth, moist skin, long legs), and toads (bumpy, dry skin, short legs), eggs are fertilized externally

A

anura

56
Q

order that includes salamanders, have long bodies and tails, moist skin, eggs are fertilized externally

A

caudata

57
Q

order that includes caecilians, tropical burrowing amphibians, legless with small eyes and jaws with teeth, fertilization is internal

A

apoda

58
Q

animals with an amniotic egg, egg has four membranes, water tight, results from internal fertilization

A

amniotes

59
Q

dominated earth for over 250 million years, 7000 species left today, all living species exhibit amniotic eggs, dry skin, thoracic breathing, better circulation

A

reptiles

60
Q

shelled reptiles, vertebrae and ribs fused to shell, solid skull, lack teeth but have sharp beaks

A

testudina

61
Q

contains only two species of tuataras, large, lizard-like animals about half a meter long, unique skull and teeth, only found on islands near New Zealand

A

rhynchocephalia

62
Q

includes lizards and snakes, paired copulatory organs in the male, lightly built skull with many openings and joints

A

squamata

63
Q

first bipedal vertebrates, complex parental care, 4 chambered heart, two groups alive today (crocodylia and aves)

A

archosauria

64
Q

composed of 25 species, large, primarily aquatic carnivorous reptiles, live near or in water in sub/tropical regions

A

crocodylia

65
Q

first bipedal vertebrates, dominated land vertebrates for over 150 million years, became extinct 65 million years ago

A

dinosauria

66
Q

direct descendants of carnivorous dinosaurs, most diverse of all terrestrial vertebrates, around 10,000 species

A

aves

67
Q

provide lift for flight and help aves conserve heat

A

feathers

68
Q

aves have bones that are _______ and ________ to help with flight

A

thin and hollow

69
Q

when aves respire, air passes all the way through lungs in a _____ direction

A

single

70
Q

aves have a ____ body temperature which allows for them to achieve a _______ metabolic rate

A

high and high

71
Q

How are birds similar to ancient reptiles?

A

(1) ancient birds had teeth and long tails
(2) amniotic eggs and scales on legs
(3) most similar to crocodylians (build nests and care for their young, similar metabolism and skeleton)

72
Q

first successful large land vertebrates, reptile like, but have a mammalian skull

A

pelycosaurs

73
Q

very mammal-like skeleton, were replaced by dinosaurs 230 MYA

A

therapsids

74
Q

surfaced 220 MYA, only became dominant 65 MYA

A

mammalia

75
Q

largest vertebrates, only 4500 species

A

mammalia

76
Q

What are the 2 fundamental traits that show how mammals differ from other vertebrates?

A

(1) hair- for insulation, camouflage, sensory structure

(2) mammary glands- females possess mammary glands that secrete milk

77
Q

What are other notable features of mammals?

A

(1) endothermy
(2) circulation- 4 chambered heart
(3) respiration- diaphragm

78
Q

lay amniotic eggs, only 3 living (duck-billed platypus, long and short nosed echidna), have a single opening cloaca for digestive and reproductive tracts

A

monotremes

79
Q

during embryo stage, they have a chorion and amnion like an egg, born very underdeveloped, after birth it crawls into pouch, latches onto nipple and continues to develop, includes kangaroos and opossum

A

marsupials

80
Q

includes most living mammals

A

placental mammals

81
Q

derived from the amniotic egg and the lining of the mothers oviduct, the embryo is “plugged” into the mother and exchanges nutrients and waste, close contact of fetal and maternal blood

A

placenta

82
Q

grasping fingers and toes, opposable first digit

A

primates

83
Q

Primates also have _________ vision as their eyes are shifted toward the front of the face

A

binocular

84
Q

What 2 groups did the earliest primates split into?

A

prosimians and anthropoids

85
Q

most are nocturnal, few have survived, lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

A

prosimians

86
Q

diurnal, include monkeys, apes, and humans, some migrated to South America

A

anthropoids

87
Q

New World Monkeys have a long ________ tail

A

prehensile

88
Q

ground-dwelling or arboreal, no prehensile tail

A

Old World Monkeys

89
Q

includes apes and humans, have larger brains than monkeys and lack tails

A

hominoids

90
Q

paraphyletic, living apes consist of gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees

A

apes

91
Q

name of hominoid fossils found in Africa, about 18 kg, 1 m tall, walked upright

A

Australopithecus

92
Q

the first humans, evolved about 2 MYA, maintained posture, adopted larger brain size

A

Homo

Biology 110 (18 decks)

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