Deuterostomes- Chapter 35 Flashcards by Patrick Carbary

What is the phylogeny of deuterostomes?

bilateria and triploblasts

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body coverings and nervous system

outer ectoderm

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skeleton and muscles

middle mesoderm

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digestive organs and intesines

inner endoderm

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space in between tissues, surrounded by mesoderm

coelom

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the zygote divides to form a _______ which is a hollow ball of cells

blastula

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the blastula indents to form a two-layer-thick ball with a _________ that is the opening to the outside (digestive system)

blastopore

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bilaterally symmetrical animals can be divided into 2 groups. how do they differ?

(1) deuterostomes develop the anus first from the blastopore

(2) other organisms develop the mouth later from another region of the embryo

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the cleavage pattern of embryonic deuterostome cells exhibit __________ as cells stay in position as they divide

radial cleavage

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deuterostomes cells have __________ development as embryonic cells can develop a new individual

indeterminate

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the coelom originates indirectly from the outpocketing of the ____________ which is the early gut

archenteron

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ancient phylum of marine animals, about 6000 living species, endoskeletons

phylum echindodermata

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echinoderm larvae are elongate and ____________ symmetcial, modern adults now have _________ symmetry (5 lines), thier body structure is discussed in reference to their mouths or the ___________

bilaterally
pentaradial
oral surface

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the endoskeleton of echinoderms is composed of either movable or fixed calcium rich (calcite) plates called ________

ossicles

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echinoderms also have ________________ tissue which provides them the ability to autotomize body parts

mutable collagenous

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a hydraulic system that aids in movement, feeding, and circulation, based on the coelom, composed of a central ring canal from which five radial canals extend

water vascular system

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opening for water entry

madreporite

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tube feet, these are controlled by pressure from the WVS and musculature

papulae

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some echinoderms reproduce asexually by _______, as broken parts can regenerate the whole animal, most reproduction within the phylum is sexual and external

splitting

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How many extinct classes of echinoderms are there?

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How many extant classes of echinoderms are there?

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class of echinoderms that includes sea stars and sea daisies

asteroidea

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class of echinoderms that includes sea lilies and feather stars

crinoidea

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class of echinoderms that includes sea urchins and sand dollars

echinoidea

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class of echinoderms that includes sea cucumbers

holothuroidea

class of echinoderms that includes brittle stars

ophiuroidea

What are the 5 features that characterize chordates?

(1) nerve cord (2) notochord (3) pharyngeal slits (4) postanal tail (5) endostyle

What are the 3 subphyla of chordates?

(1) cephalochordata (2) urochordata (3) vertebrata

first chordates, includes the oldest known chordate fossil which is Pikaia

cephalochordates

cephalochordata show typical segmentation, but have no anterior sense organs or _____, they feed on plankton using cilia generated currents

brain

part of urochordata, secrete a cellulose tunic that surrounds the animal, marine animals that have larvae like tadpoles, adults typically lose the tail, nerve cord, and notocord

tunicates

chordates with a spinal column, distinguished from nonvertebrates by a vertebral column and head

vertebrata

liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, heart, and closed circulatory system

internal organs of vertebrata

made of cartilage or bone, makes great size and movement possible

endoskeleton

most diverse vertebrate group, half of all vertebrates, vary greatly in size, shape, color and appearance

fishes

what are characteristics that all fishes have in common?

(1) vertebral column (2) jaws and paired appendages (3) internal gills (4) single-loop blood circulation (5) nutritional deficiencies

the first fishes had mouths with no jaws, _____________ have bony plates and are no extinct, ___________ include lampreys and hagfish

ostracoderms | cyclostomata

When did fish jaws develop?

late Silurian period, jaws evolved from the anterior gill arches that were made of cartilage

fishes were the first vertebrates to develop _____, as they evolved from rough scales on mouth's skin and were easily lost but continuously replaced

teeth

fishes have a _________________ system that has a series of sensory organs under the skin that detect changes in pressure waves

lateral line system

spiny jawed fishes from the devonian period, part of the first jawed fish

acanthodii

armored fishes from the devonian period, part of first jawed fish

placodermi

the first jawed fishes were replaced by ______ and ________

sharks and bony fishes

became the dominant sea predators during the Carboniferous period, have a light, flexible skeleton made of cartilage and paired fins that make them superior swimmers

chondrichthyes

evolved at the same time as sharks, adopted a heavy internal skeleton made completely of bone, most species rich group of all vertebrates

bony fishes

a gas-filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate their buoyant density

swim-bladder

a hard plate, the operculum, covers the gills, its flexing permits water pumping over gills

gill cover

ray finned fishes, parallel bony rays support and stiffen each fin, there are no muscles within the fin

actinopterygii

lobe finned fishes, have paired fins that consist of a long fleshy muscular lobe, supported by central co-jointed bones, amphibian ancestors

sarcopterygii

first vertebrates to walk on land, damp-skinned vertebrates

amphibians

What are some adaptations that vertebrates needed to adapt to land?

(1) Legs to support body (2) lungs to extract O2 from air (3) redesigned heart to drive larger muscles (4) reproduction in H20 to prevent egg drying (5) system to prevent whole body desiccation

What did amphibians evolve from?

lobe finned fish

What changes occurred to the heart for land adaptation?

heart went from being 2 or 3 chambers to allow circulation to the lungs

What are the 3 orders of amphibians?

(1) anura (w/o tail) (2) caudata (visible tail) (3) apoda (without legs)

order that includes frogs (smooth, moist skin, long legs), and toads (bumpy, dry skin, short legs), eggs are fertilized externally

anura

order that includes salamanders, have long bodies and tails, moist skin, eggs are fertilized externally

caudata

order that includes caecilians, tropical burrowing amphibians, legless with small eyes and jaws with teeth, fertilization is internal

apoda

animals with an amniotic egg, egg has four membranes, water tight, results from internal fertilization

amniotes

dominated earth for over 250 million years, 7000 species left today, all living species exhibit amniotic eggs, dry skin, thoracic breathing, better circulation

reptiles

shelled reptiles, vertebrae and ribs fused to shell, solid skull, lack teeth but have sharp beaks

testudina

contains only two species of tuataras, large, lizard-like animals about half a meter long, unique skull and teeth, only found on islands near New Zealand

rhynchocephalia

includes lizards and snakes, paired copulatory organs in the male, lightly built skull with many openings and joints

squamata

first bipedal vertebrates, complex parental care, 4 chambered heart, two groups alive today (crocodylia and aves)

archosauria

composed of 25 species, large, primarily aquatic carnivorous reptiles, live near or in water in sub/tropical regions

crocodylia

first bipedal vertebrates, dominated land vertebrates for over 150 million years, became extinct 65 million years ago

dinosauria

direct descendants of carnivorous dinosaurs, most diverse of all terrestrial vertebrates, around 10,000 species

aves

provide lift for flight and help aves conserve heat

feathers

aves have bones that are _______ and ________ to help with flight

thin and hollow

when aves respire, air passes all the way through lungs in a _____ direction

single

aves have a ____ body temperature which allows for them to achieve a _______ metabolic rate

high and high

How are birds similar to ancient reptiles?

(1) ancient birds had teeth and long tails (2) amniotic eggs and scales on legs (3) most similar to crocodylians (build nests and care for their young, similar metabolism and skeleton)

first successful large land vertebrates, reptile like, but have a mammalian skull

pelycosaurs

very mammal-like skeleton, were replaced by dinosaurs 230 MYA

therapsids

surfaced 220 MYA, only became dominant 65 MYA

mammalia

largest vertebrates, only 4500 species

mammalia

What are the 2 fundamental traits that show how mammals differ from other vertebrates?

(1) hair- for insulation, camouflage, sensory structure | (2) mammary glands- females possess mammary glands that secrete milk

What are other notable features of mammals?

(1) endothermy (2) circulation- 4 chambered heart (3) respiration- diaphragm

lay amniotic eggs, only 3 living (duck-billed platypus, long and short nosed echidna), have a single opening cloaca for digestive and reproductive tracts

monotremes

during embryo stage, they have a chorion and amnion like an egg, born very underdeveloped, after birth it crawls into pouch, latches onto nipple and continues to develop, includes kangaroos and opossum

marsupials

includes most living mammals

placental mammals

derived from the amniotic egg and the lining of the mothers oviduct, the embryo is "plugged" into the mother and exchanges nutrients and waste, close contact of fetal and maternal blood

placenta

grasping fingers and toes, opposable first digit

primates

Primates also have _________ vision as their eyes are shifted toward the front of the face

binocular

What 2 groups did the earliest primates split into?

prosimians and anthropoids

most are nocturnal, few have survived, lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

prosimians

diurnal, include monkeys, apes, and humans, some migrated to South America

anthropoids

New World Monkeys have a long ________ tail

prehensile

ground-dwelling or arboreal, no prehensile tail

Old World Monkeys

includes apes and humans, have larger brains than monkeys and lack tails

hominoids

paraphyletic, living apes consist of gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees

apes

name of hominoid fossils found in Africa, about 18 kg, 1 m tall, walked upright

Australopithecus

the first humans, evolved about 2 MYA, maintained posture, adopted larger brain size

Homo