Fungi-Chapter 32

Question 1

as many as 1.5 million species, single celled or multicellular, sexual or asexual, extract and absorb nutrients from surroundings, last shared a common ancestor with animalia 460MYA

Answer 1

Fungi

Question 2

people who study fungi

Answer 2

mycologists

Question 3

7 true (monophyletic) groups (phlya), 1 problematic group

Answer 3

fungal diversity

Question 4

multicellular fungi consist of long, slender filaments, can be continuous or divided by septa, cytoplasm flows throughout hyphae (allows for rapid growth in good conditions)

Answer 4

hyphae

Question 5

a mass of connected hyphae, grows through and digests the substrate

Answer 5

mycelium

Question 6

cell walls are formed of polysaccharides such as __________, also found in the exoskeletons of arthropods

Answer 6

chitin

Question 7

hyphae cells make exact copes of themselves in a process called ___________

Answer 7

mitosis

Question 8

haploid

Answer 8

1n, only one copy of chromosome

Question 9

diploid

Answer 9

2n, two copies of the chromosome

Question 10

monokaryotic (1n or 2n)

Answer 10

one nucleus in one cell

Question 11

dikaryotic (1n+1n)

Answer 11

two nuclei in one cell

Question 12

two haploid cells can fuse together to form a dikaryotic cell in a process called __________

Answer 12

fertilization

Question 13

the haploid nuclei may then fuse together to form a diploid nucleus in a process called ____________

Answer 13

karyogamy

Question 14

a diploid nucleus can divide into haploid nuclei in a process called __________

Answer 14

meiosis

Question 15

What is the normal fungal life cycle?

Answer 15

(1) haploid
(2) dikaryotic
(3) diploid

Question 16

asexual reproduction in fungi

Answer 16

mitosis

Question 17

majority of life fungal life cycle is spent as ___________ or ___________

Answer 17

haploid or dikaryotic

Question 18

most common means of reproduction among fungi, cells dispersed for breeding purposes, form from sexual or asexual process, are ALWAYS haploid, can be transported by animals

Answer 18

spores

Question 19

spores were originally ___________ and were dispersed in a fluid

Answer 19

flagellated

Question 20

fungi obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes into their substrates, they then absorb the organic molecules produced by this _______________

Answer 20

external digestion

Question 21

fungi live _______ their food source, can break down _________ and _____________, some can be ___________

Answer 21

in
cellulose and lignin
carnivorous

Question 22

most closely related ancestral fungi, have flagellated spores, have chitin in their cell walls, life cycle has both haploid and diploid multicellular stages, chytrids

Answer 22

chytridiomycota

Question 23

diseases that is responsible for the worldwide decline in amphibian populations, immunocompromises their skin barrier

Answer 23

chytridiomycosis

Question 24

digest plan biomass in mammalian herbivore rumens (mammal depends on fungi for sufficient calories), spores have multiple flagella

Answer 24

neocallimastigamycota

Question 25

tiny group, form intracellular association with plan roots called arbuscular mycorrhizae, no evidence of sexual reproduction

Answer 25

glomeromycota

Question 26

very diverse, include common bread molds, lack septae, most of their life cycle is haploid

Answer 26

zygomycota

Question 27

hyphae produce specialized sporangia (releases haploid spores)

Answer 27

asexual reproduction

Question 28

hyphae produce specialized gametangia, two haploid gametangia merge to form a diploid zygosporangium, haploid spores are released

Answer 28

sexual reproduction

Question 29

include some of the most familiar fungi, mushrooms, puffballs, and jelly fungi, include plant pathogens such as rusts and smuts

Answer 29

basidiomycota

Question 30

spore germination leads to the production of haploid mycelium, mycelium may fuse results in fertilization, now dikaryotic, basidiocarps form

Answer 30

basidiomycota life cycle

Question 31

dikaryotic basidiocarp has hundreds of ____________ in each gill, club shaped sexual reproductive structure, karyogamy occurs within the basidium and meiosis follows, four haploid basidiospores result

Answer 31

basidia

Question 32

contain about 75% of the known fungi, include bread yeasts, common molds, and penicillum, cup fungi and morels/truffels

Answer 32

ascomycota

Question 33

__________ are unicellular ascomycetes

Answer 33

yeasts (produce asexually by budding)

Question 34

yeasts can ferment carbohydrates as they break down glucose into ___________ and ___________.

Answer 34

ethanol and CO2

Question 35

saccharomyces cerevisiae is the organism used to make ____________, _________, and __________.

Answer 35

beer, wine and bread

Question 36

occurs through haploid conidia formed at the end of hyphae, grow new hapolid hyphae

Answer 36

asexual reproduction in ascomycota

Question 37

the ___________ is the spore distributing structure for ascomycota

Answer 37

ascocarp (dikaryotic)

Question 38

asci undergo __________ and eight haploid ascospores result

Answer 38

karyogamy

Question 39

fungi and bacteria are principal decomposers, capable of decomposing cellulose and lignin, have different _________ which indicate relationship with another organism

Answer 39

symbiosis

Question 40

benefit at the expense of their host

Answer 40

pathogens and parasites

Question 41

benefit one partner but do not harm or benefit the other

Answer 41

commensals

Question 42

have relationship that benefit both of the partners

Answer 42

mutualists

Question 43

essential for fungus to survive

Answer 43

obligate symbiosis

Question 44

nonessential but positive

Answer 44

facultative symbiosis

Question 45

live in the intercellular spaces inside plants, protect their hosts by producing toxins, example is the Italian rye plant that battle the aphids

Answer 45

endophytic fungi (mutualistic relationship)

Question 46

are symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, invaded harshest habitats, have pigments

Answer 46

lichens (mutualistic)

Question 47

mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants, different from endophytes because they live in roots, help the plant take up water and get to live within the tough roots

Answer 47

mycorrhizae

Question 48

hyphae penetrate the root cell wall, 70% of mycorrhizal species, fungal partners are glomeromycetes

Answer 48

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Question 49

hyphae surround but do not penetrate the root cells, most hosts are forest trees, fungal partners are mostly basidiomycetes

Answer 49

ectomycorrhizae

Question 50

fungi also have _____________ with animals, ruminant animals host fungi in their gut, example is the Leaf cutter ants

Answer 50

mutual smybioses

Question 51

____________ is the worlds largest organism, infect trees

Answer 51

Armillaria

Question 52

fungi can spoil food products that have been harvested and stored, some fungi secrete ________ that make food poisonous

Answer 52

toxins

Question 53

athlete's foot, nail fungus, candida (vaginal yeast infection), and pneumonia are fungi that cause ______________

Answer 53

human diseases