Seed Plants-Chapter 31

Question 1

seed plants evolved from spore-bearing plants known as _______________

Answer 1

progymnosperms

Question 2

What are the function of the seed?

Answer 2

(1) protect the embryo
(2) easily dispersed
(3) introduces a dormant phase into life cycle

Question 3

pollen grains that are dispersed by wind or a pollinator

Answer 3

male gametophytes

Question 4

develop within an ovule, enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue

Answer 4

female gametophyte

Question 5

plants with “naked seeds”, ovule is exposed on a scale in a cone, all lack flowers and fruits of angiosperms

Answer 5

gymnosperms

Question 6

pollen grains develop from microspores in male cones by meiosis, female pine cones form on the upper branches of the same tree (female cones are larger and have woody scales), two ovules develop on each scale

Answer 6

gymnosperm reproduction

Question 7

each ovule contains a ___________ that is surrounded by the integument, one layer becomes the seed coat

Answer 7

megaspore

Question 8

the ____________ emerges from the pollen grain, it digests its way to the archegonium, delivers its sperm, and then fertilizes

Answer 8

pollen tube

Question 9

megagametophyte is from the ___________ and the microgametophyte is from the _________

Answer 9

female, male

Question 10

the largest phylum gymnosperms, include pines, spruces, firs, cedars and others, coastal redwood is tallest tree, bistleconepine is oldest tree

Answer 10

coniferophyta

Question 11

slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions, sporophytes resemble palm trees, known as cycads

Answer 11

cycadophyta

Question 12

only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem, vessels are large tubes for moving water, (drug ephedrine)

Answer 12

gnetophyta

Question 13

only one living species remains (ginko biloba), dioecious because male and female reproductive structeres from on different trees

Answer 13

ginkgophyta

Question 14

__________ are the flowering fruit

Answer 14

angiosperms

Question 15

the bud at the end of a stalk is called the _________

Answer 15

pedicel

Question 16

the pedicel expands at the tip to form a ______________ to which other parts attach

Answer 16

receptacle

Question 17

flowering parts are organized in circles called ___________

Answer 17

whorls

Question 18

outermost whorl

Answer 18

sepal

Question 19

second whorl

Answer 19

petals

Question 20

third whorl

Answer 20

stamens

Question 21

included in the third whorl is the pollen bearing ________ and a stalk called a _________

Answer 21

filament

Question 22

innermost whorl

Answer 22

carpel

Question 23

the carpel consists of one or more carpels that house the ___________ gametophyte

Answer 23

female

Question 24

swollen base containing ovules, later develops into a fruit

Answer 24

ovary

Question 25

tip

Answer 25

stigma

Question 26

neck or stalk

Answer 26

style

Question 27

the female gametophyte has _____ haploid nuclei

Answer 27

8

Question 28

two of the eight become _________

Answer 28

polar nuclei

Question 29

aldkfj

Answer 29

female

Question 30

pollen production occurs in the _________, dipolid cells undergo meiosis

Answer 30

adfa

Question 31

___________ is the mechanical transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, pollen grains develop a pollen tube that is guided to the embryo sac

Answer 31

pollination

Question 32

one of the two pollen grain cells lags behind, this _________ cell divides to produce _____________

Answer 32

generative cells | two sperm cells

Question 33

as the pollen tube enters the embryo sac, a _________________ occurs, one sperm unites with egg to form the diploid ________, other sperm unites with the two polar nuclei to form the tripolid (3n) ____________ that provides nutrients to the embryo

Answer 33

double fertilization zygote endosperm

Question 34

when the seed germinates, a young ____________ plant emerges

Answer 34

sporophyte

Question 35

What are the 3 steps of embryogenesis?

Answer 35

(1) storage of food in the cotyledons or endosperm (2) ovule tissue forms a seed coat (3) development of carpel wall (ovary) into a fruit

Question 36

the endosperm varies between plants, nutrients are stored in thick, flesh _________

Answer 36

cotyledons

Question 37

the integuments develop into a ________, encloses the seed with its dormant embryo and stored food

Answer 37

seed coat

Question 38

maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions, protect the young sporophyte, provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own, facilitate the dispersal of the embryo

Answer 38

seeds

Question 39

one a __________ forms, most of the embryo's metabolic activities cease

Answer 39

seed coat

Question 40

___________ cannot take place until water and oxygen reach the embryo, viable for up to thousands of years

Answer 40

germination

Question 41

seeds don't germinate until conditions are appropriate, water dependent, wait for passing through intestines, may wait for fires to release ______

Answer 41

seeds

Question 42

the ovary wall is termed the _________ (has 3 layers), its fate determines the fruit type

Answer 42

pericarp

Question 43

thin pericarp skin, fleshy inner and middle pericarp, multiple carpels fused, multiple seeds, tomatoes and squash

Answer 43

true berries

Question 44

carpels with seeds along former style, pericarps flatten to form a dry pod, peas and beans

Answer 44

legumes

Question 45

during seed formation, adfaksjfskl;j

Answer 45

mature fruiting body

Question 46

thin pericarp skin, fleshy middle pericarp, one seed surrounded b hard pit made by inner pericarp, includes peach, plum, and cherry

Answer 46

drupe

Question 47

percarps fuse and dry to form a light "wing", maple and ash

Answer 47

samara

Question 48

similar to true berries, many ovaries that are not fused, blackberries and raspberries

Answer 48

aggregate fruits

Question 49

many flowers form many fruits that fuse together around a stem, each flower produces it's own three pericarps, ex. pineapple and fig

Answer 49

multiple fruits

Question 50

the __________ represent the prior sporophyte generation, the _______ represents the next __________

Answer 50

fruit and seed coat | embryo

Question 51

the fruits and seed coat are from the _______________________

Answer 51

prior sporophyte generation

Question 52

the developing seed contains remnants of the ________________

Answer 52

gametophyte generation

Question 53

ingestion and transportation by birds or other vertebrates, hitching a ride with hooked spines on birds and mammals, burial in caches by herbivores, blowing in the wind, and floating in the water helps in ___________

Answer 53

fruit dispersal