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Biology 110 > Seed Plants-Chapter 31 > Flashcards

Seed Plants-Chapter 31 Flashcards

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1
Q

seed plants evolved from spore-bearing plants known as _______________

A

progymnosperms

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2
Q

What are the function of the seed?

A

(1) protect the embryo
(2) easily dispersed
(3) introduces a dormant phase into life cycle

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3
Q

pollen grains that are dispersed by wind or a pollinator

A

male gametophytes

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4
Q

develop within an ovule, enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue

A

female gametophyte

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5
Q

plants with “naked seeds”, ovule is exposed on a scale in a cone, all lack flowers and fruits of angiosperms

A

gymnosperms

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6
Q

pollen grains develop from microspores in male cones by meiosis, female pine cones form on the upper branches of the same tree (female cones are larger and have woody scales), two ovules develop on each scale

A

gymnosperm reproduction

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7
Q

each ovule contains a ___________ that is surrounded by the integument, one layer becomes the seed coat

A

megaspore

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8
Q

the ____________ emerges from the pollen grain, it digests its way to the archegonium, delivers its sperm, and then fertilizes

A

pollen tube

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9
Q

megagametophyte is from the ___________ and the microgametophyte is from the _________

A

female, male

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10
Q

the largest phylum gymnosperms, include pines, spruces, firs, cedars and others, coastal redwood is tallest tree, bistleconepine is oldest tree

A

coniferophyta

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11
Q

slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions, sporophytes resemble palm trees, known as cycads

A

cycadophyta

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12
Q

only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem, vessels are large tubes for moving water, (drug ephedrine)

A

gnetophyta

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13
Q

only one living species remains (ginko biloba), dioecious because male and female reproductive structeres from on different trees

A

ginkgophyta

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14
Q

__________ are the flowering fruit

A

angiosperms

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15
Q

the bud at the end of a stalk is called the _________

A

pedicel

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16
Q

the pedicel expands at the tip to form a ______________ to which other parts attach

A

receptacle

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17
Q

flowering parts are organized in circles called ___________

A

whorls

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18
Q

outermost whorl

A

sepal

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19
Q

second whorl

A

petals

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20
Q

third whorl

A

stamens

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21
Q

included in the third whorl is the pollen bearing ________ and a stalk called a _________

A

filament

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22
Q

innermost whorl

A

carpel

23
Q

the carpel consists of one or more carpels that house the ___________ gametophyte

A

female

24
Q

swollen base containing ovules, later develops into a fruit

A

ovary

25
Q

tip

A

stigma

26
Q

neck or stalk

A

style

27
Q

the female gametophyte has _____ haploid nuclei

A

8

28
Q

two of the eight become _________

A

polar nuclei

29
Q

aldkfj

A

female

30
Q

pollen production occurs in the _________, dipolid cells undergo meiosis

A

adfa

31
Q

___________ is the mechanical transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, pollen grains develop a pollen tube that is guided to the embryo sac

A

pollination

32
Q

one of the two pollen grain cells lags behind, this _________ cell divides to produce _____________

A

generative cells

two sperm cells

33
Q

as the pollen tube enters the embryo sac, a _________________ occurs, one sperm unites with egg to form the diploid ________, other sperm unites with the two polar nuclei to form the tripolid (3n) ____________ that provides nutrients to the embryo

A

double fertilization
zygote
endosperm

34
Q

when the seed germinates, a young ____________ plant emerges

A

sporophyte

35
Q

What are the 3 steps of embryogenesis?

A

(1) storage of food in the cotyledons or endosperm
(2) ovule tissue forms a seed coat
(3) development of carpel wall (ovary) into a fruit

36
Q

the endosperm varies between plants, nutrients are stored in thick, flesh _________

A

cotyledons

37
Q

the integuments develop into a ________, encloses the seed with its dormant embryo and stored food

A

seed coat

38
Q

maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions, protect the young sporophyte, provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own, facilitate the dispersal of the embryo

A

seeds

39
Q

one a __________ forms, most of the embryo’s metabolic activities cease

A

seed coat

40
Q

___________ cannot take place until water and oxygen reach the embryo, viable for up to thousands of years

A

germination

41
Q

seeds don’t germinate until conditions are appropriate, water dependent, wait for passing through intestines, may wait for fires to release ______

A

seeds

42
Q

the ovary wall is termed the _________ (has 3 layers), its fate determines the fruit type

A

pericarp

43
Q

thin pericarp skin, fleshy inner and middle pericarp, multiple carpels fused, multiple seeds, tomatoes and squash

A

true berries

44
Q

carpels with seeds along former style, pericarps flatten to form a dry pod, peas and beans

A

legumes

45
Q

during seed formation, adfaksjfskl;j

A

mature fruiting body

46
Q

thin pericarp skin, fleshy middle pericarp, one seed surrounded b hard pit made by inner pericarp, includes peach, plum, and cherry

A

drupe

47
Q

percarps fuse and dry to form a light “wing”, maple and ash

A

samara

48
Q

similar to true berries, many ovaries that are not fused, blackberries and raspberries

A

aggregate fruits

49
Q

many flowers form many fruits that fuse together around a stem, each flower produces it’s own three pericarps, ex. pineapple and fig

A

multiple fruits

50
Q

the __________ represent the prior sporophyte generation, the _______ represents the next __________

A

fruit and seed coat

embryo

51
Q

the fruits and seed coat are from the _______________________

A

prior sporophyte generation

52
Q

the developing seed contains remnants of the ________________

A

gametophyte generation

53
Q

ingestion and transportation by birds or other vertebrates, hitching a ride with hooked spines on birds and mammals, burial in caches by herbivores, blowing in the wind, and floating in the water helps in ___________

A

fruit dispersal

Biology 110 (18 decks)

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