Plant Form-Chapter 36

Question 1

What are the 2 systems that make up a vascular plant?

Answer 1

(1) root system

(2) shoot system

Question 2

anchors the plant, absorbs water and minerals

Answer 2

root system

Question 3

supporting systems, photosynthetic leaves, reproductive flowers

Answer 3

shoot system

Question 4

both the root and shoot system has an _______ that extends growth

Answer 4

apex

Question 5

found in all cells, cellulose fibers parallel to microtubules

Answer 5

primary cell walls

Question 6

found in some cells, increase mechanical strength of wall

Answer 6

secondary cell wall

Question 7

What are the 3 kinds of tissue systems of plants?

Answer 7

(1) dermal tissue
(2) ground tissue
(3) vascular tissue

Question 8

layer for protection, seen as wax and bark

Answer 8

dermal tissue

Question 9

layer for storage, photosynthesis, and secretion

Answer 9

ground tissue

Question 10

layer for conduction, contains the xylem and phloem

Answer 10

vascular tissue

Question 11

part of vascular tissue that is used for water transport and dissolved minerals

Answer 11

xylem

Question 12

part of vascular tissue that is used for transport of nutrient-containing solution

Answer 12

pholem

Question 13

clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei, they act as stem cells do in animals, one cells divides and produces a different cell and a meristematic cell

Answer 13

meristems

Question 14

located at the tips of stems and roots, give rise to primary tissues which are collectively called the primary plan body, three primary meristems give rise to the three major types of plant tissue

Answer 14

apical meristems

Question 15

exhibit secondary growth, increases the size of stems and roots

Answer 15

lateral meristems

Question 16

forms the epidermis which is usually one cell layer thick, covered with a fatty cutin layer constituting the cuticle, contains special cells such as guard cells, trichomes and root hairs

Answer 16

dermal tissue

Question 17

paired sausage shaped cells in the dermal tissue, flank a stoma which is the passage way for oxygen and carbon dioxide

Answer 17

guard cells

Question 18

cellular or multicellular growths of the epidermis, keep the leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation, covering stoma, some are glandular, secreting substances that deter herbivory

Answer 18

trichomes

Question 19

tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells, greatly increase the root’s surface area and efficiency of absorption

Answer 19

root hairs

Question 20

What are the 3 types of ground tissue?

Answer 20

(1) Parenchyma
(2) Collenchyma
(3) Sclerenchya

Question 21

found in ground tissue, the most common type of plant cell, used for storage, photosynthesis, secretion, provide little to no support

Answer 21

parenchyma cells

Question 22

found in ground tissue, provide flexible support for plant organs, allowing bending but not breaking

Answer 22

collenchyma cells

Question 23

found in ground tissue, have thick walls, has fibers that are long slender cells that are usually grouped in strands, sclereids are varied in shape and can be branched (single or grouped), both used to strengthen tissues

Answer 23

sclerenchya

Question 24

water and mineral conducting tissue, contains vessels which are continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells, contains tracheids which are dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another, vessels are shorted and wider than tracheids and conduct water more efficiently

Answer 24

vascular tissue

Question 25

xylem cells are _______

Answer 25

dead

Question 26

the main food-conducting tissue, contains two types of elongated cells (sieve cells and sieve tube members) which are living cells that contain clusters of pores, companion are adjacent to sieve-tube members and help because they are anucleate

Answer 26

phloem

Question 27

What are the 4 major regions of a root?

Answer 27

(1) root cap (2) zone of cell division (3) zone of elongation (4) zone of maturation

Question 28

contains two types of cells that are formed by the apical meristem (columella cells are inner and root cap cells are outer and lateral), functions in protection of delicate tissues

Answer 28

root cap

Question 29

roots lengthen because cells become several times longer than wide, no further increase occurs above this zone

Answer 29

zone of elongation

Question 30

where the elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types

Answer 30

zone of maturation

Question 31

the elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types, the vascular tissue is surrounded by endodermis, the ground tissue (now known as the cortex), is surrounded by epidermis, the epidermis grows root hairs

Answer 31

zone of maturation

Question 32

the elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types, contains casparian strip

Answer 32

zone of maturation

Question 33

a watertight layer in between endodermis cells, water cannot travel between cells, it must travel through them, plants can regulate fluid movement into the xylem

Answer 33

zone of maturation

Question 34

secondary growth in woody plant roots, a ring of meristematic tissue surround the xylem (in btwn xylem and phloem), causes later growth of the xylem, expanding root width

Answer 34

vascular cambium

Question 35

type of modified root, arise from any place other than the plant's root

Answer 35

adventitioius roots

Question 36

modified roots that penetrate host plants

Answer 36

parasitic roots

Question 37

store carbohydrates

Answer 37

food storage roots

Question 38

keep the plant upright

Answer 38

prop roots

Question 39

obtain water from the air

Answer 39

aerial roots

Question 40

weigh 50 or more kg

Answer 40

water storage roots

Question 41

provide considerable stability

Answer 41

buttress roots

Question 42

facilitate oxygen uptake

Answer 42

pneumatophores

Question 43

shoot apical meristem produce ___________, develop into leaves, flowers, and a;lkdjfal

Answer 43

primordia

Question 44

What is the most common way for leaves to be arranged?

Answer 44

alternate (other arrangements include opposite and whorled)

Question 45

point of attachment from leaf to stem

Answer 45

node

Question 46

area of stem between to nodes

Answer 46

internode

Question 47

flattened part of leaf

Answer 47

blade

Question 48

stalk of leaf

Answer 48

petiole

Question 49

angle between petiole/blade and stem

Answer 49

axil

Question 50

develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers

Answer 50

axillary bud

Question 51

extends the shoot system during the growing season

Answer 51

terminal bud

Question 52

certain plants have vascular bundles ____________ throughout the ground tissue system

Answer 52

scattered

Question 53

some plants have vascular tissue arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue (__________) and external ground tissue (___________)

Answer 53

pith and cortex

Question 54

located between the xylem and pholem (as in roots) and expands stem width by growing new xylem (one band a year gives tree rings)

Answer 54

vascular cambium

Question 55

layer outside of pholem, has a meristematic cork cambium that produces cork cells for strong bark

Answer 55

periderm

Question 56

Layer stem structure from inner to outer

Answer 56

xylem, vascular cambium, pholem, cork cambium, outer bark

Question 57

cork tissue cells die shortly after they are formed and make up the _____________

Answer 57

outer bark

Question 58

the cork cambium also produces cells called ___________ that permit gas exchange to continue

Answer 58

lenticels

Question 59

swollen underground stems, consisting of fleshy leaves

Answer 59

bulbs

Question 60

superficially resemble bulbs, have no fleshy leaves

Answer 60

corms

Question 61

horizontal underground stems, adventitious roots

Answer 61

rhizomes

Question 62

horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground

Answer 62

runners and stolens

Question 63

swollen tip of rhizome that contain carbohydrates

Answer 63

tubers

Question 64

twine around supports and aid in climbing

Answer 64

tendrils

Question 65

flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaves

Answer 65

cladophylls

Question 66

leaves in a cactus are the __________

Answer 66

needles

Question 67

________ are the main site of photosynthesis, they are determinate structures whose growth stops at maturity

Answer 67

leaves

Question 68

have one vein which does not extend the full length of the leaf, found mainly in lycophyta

Answer 68

microphyll

Question 69

have several to many veins

Answer 69

megaphyll

Question 70

___________ contain undivided blades, may have teeth, indentations or lobes

Answer 70

simple leaves

Question 71

__________ have blades that are divided into ____________

Answer 71

compound leaves | leaflets

Question 72

the surface of leaves are covered by transparent epidermal cells, mostly have ____ chloroplasts

Answer 72

no

Question 73

the epidermis is a __________ cuticle, the lower epidermis contains numerous mouth-shaped stomata flanked by guard cells

Answer 73

waxy

Question 74

the __________ is the tissue between the upper and lower epidermis

Answer 74

mesophyll

Question 75

monocot leaves have ___________ mesophyll

Answer 75

one

Question 76

eudicot leaves have __________ types of mesohphyll

Answer 76

two

Question 77

usually two rows of tightly packed cells

Answer 77

palisade mesophyll

Question 78

loosely arranged cells with air spaces

Answer 78

spongy mesophyll

Question 79

surround true flowers and behave as showy petals

Answer 79

floral leaves (bracts)

Question 80

reduce water loss and may deter predators

Answer 80

spines

Question 81

plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plants

Answer 81

reproductive leaves

Question 82

cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground

Answer 82

window leaves

Question 83

larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun-lit leaves

Answer 83

shade leaves

Question 84

pitcher plants, sundews, and venus flytrap are examples of _____________

Answer 84

insectivorous leaves