The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation- Chapter 42

Question 1

What are the 4 levels of organization in a vertebrate body?

Answer 1

(1) cells
(2) tissues
(3) organs
(4) organ systems

Question 2

Humans have ___ different types of cells

Answer 2

210

Question 3

smallest division of life, come from other pre-existing ones

Answer 3

cells

Question 4

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Answer 4

tissue

Question 5

combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit

Answer 5

organ

Question 6

groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body

Answer 6

organ system

Question 7

the vertebrate body contains ____ principal organ systems

Answer 7

11

Question 8

inner tube of vertebrate body plan

Answer 8

digestive tract

Question 9

outer tube of vertebrate body plan

Answer 9

main vertebrate body

Question 10

inside the body are several ______ that can be indentified

Answer 10

body cavities

Question 11

What are the 4 primary tissue types?

Answer 11

(1) Epithelial
(2) Connective
(3) Muscle
(4) Nervous

Question 12

covers the surface of the the vertebrate body, germ layers, membranes and glands, provides protective barrier

Answer 12

epithelium

Question 13

tightly bound together, replaced throughout life, attached to other tissues by fibrous membranes, has polarity

Answer 13

epithelial cells

Question 14

secured side of epithelial cell

Answer 14

basal surface

Question 15

free side of epithelial cell

Answer 15

apical cell

Question 16

allows for diffusion, absorption, and secretion

Answer 16

one layer

Question 17

layers creates a dense barrier to abrasion and chemicals

Answer 17

several layers

Question 18

____ cells allow for material to diffuse through

Answer 18

flat

Question 19

______ cells absorb into themselves and secrete moderately

Answer 19

cubed

Question 20

_____ cells absorb, secrete, and process chemicals at the greatest rate

Answer 20

thick

Question 21

glands form from _________ epithelia

Answer 21

invaginated

Question 22

connected to epithelium by a duct, sweat, sebaceous and salivary glands

Answer 22

exocrine glands

Question 23

ductless, secret hormones directly into the blood

Answer 23

endocrine glands

Question 24

derive from embryonic mesoderm, all have abundant extracellular material, divided into speical and proper

Answer 24

connective tissue

Question 25

What are the 3 kinds of connective tissue proper?

Answer 25

(1) loose (2) dense (3) adipose

Question 26

What are the 3 kinds of special connective tissue?

Answer 26

(1) cartilage (2) bone (3) blood

Question 27

extracellular material composed of protein fibers, gels, salts, fluids, fats

Answer 27

matrix

Question 28

__________ produce the matrix

Answer 28

cells

Question 29

cells that produce and secrete protein fibers in extracellular matrix, fibers include thick, tough collagen fibers and stretchable elastic fibers

Answer 29

fibroblasts

Question 30

contains large amounts of a gel-like substance, strengthened by protein fibers

Answer 30

loose connective tissue

Question 31

contains less gel and more collagen than loose connective tissue, collagen fibers may be parallel to one another (tendon/ligaments) or gon in many different directions (dermis of skin, white of eyes)

Answer 31

dense connective tissue

Question 32

fat cells, also occur in loose connective tissue, develop in large groups in certain areas, form adipose tissue

Answer 32

adipose cells

Question 33

cartilage cells

Answer 33

chondrocytes

Question 34

contains the matrix of chondroitin, collagen and elastin fibers, flexible with great tensile strength, found in joint surfaces and other locations

Answer 34

cartilage

Question 35

bone cells, hardened with calcium salts around collagen fibers

Answer 35

osteocytes

Question 36

extracellular material is the fluid plasma red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Answer 36

blood

Question 37

found in the walls of blood vessels and visceral organs, mono-nucleated, involuntary contraction

Answer 37

smooth muscles

Question 38

attached to bone by tendons, cells are long and multi-nucleated, voluntary and striated

Answer 38

skeletal muscles

Question 39

smaller, interconnected cells in heart only, mono-nucleated, interconnections called intercalated disks, muscle cells form from a single functioning unit

Answer 39

cardiac muscle

Question 40

contains the nucleus of the neuron

Answer 40

cell body

Question 41

highly branched extensions, conduct an electrical impulse towards the cell body

Answer 41

dendrites

Question 42

single cytoplasmic extension, conducts impulses away from the cell body

Answer 42

axon

Question 43

do not conduct electrical impulses, support and insulate neurons, eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons, form an insulating cover

Answer 43

neuroglia

Question 44

systems that communicate and integrate, detect external stimuli, coordinate the body's responses

Answer 44

nervous, sensory and endocrine systems

Question 45

consists of two interrelated organ systems that provide the body with support and movement

Answer 45

musculoskeletal system

Question 46

for regulation and maintenance, regulate and maintain the body's chemistry

Answer 46

digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and urinary systems

Question 47

defense systems

Answer 47

integumentary and immune

Question 48

dynamic constancy of the internal environment

Answer 48

homeostasis

Question 49

Explain a negative feedback mechanism:

Answer 49

(1) change in condition, stimulus detected (2) sensors detect (3) information is fed into integrating center, compares to set point (4) message sent to effector, initiates response (5) response brings conditions back to set point (6) once at set point, sensor no longer detects change

Question 50

negative feedback loops often __________ each other to produce finer degree of control

Answer 50

oppose

Question 51

increasing activity of one effector is accompanied by decrease in the other

Answer 51

antagonistic effectors

Question 52

mechanism that does not lead to homeostasis, often a cumulative response not conducive to balancing a system, part of larger mechanism, includes blood clotting and contraction of uterus during childbirth

Answer 52

positive feedback

Question 53

chemical reactions are incredibly dependent on ___________

Answer 53

temperature

Question 54

what determines body temperature?

Answer 54

internal factors such as metabolism and external factors that affect heat transfer, behavior

Question 55

heat produced + heat transferred =

Answer 55

body heat

Question 56

heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation

Answer 56

radiation

Question 57

heat transfer directly between two objects

Answer 57

conduction

Question 58

heat transfer by the movement of gas or liquid

Answer 58

convection

Question 59

heat transfer by conversion of water to gas

Answer 59

evaporation

Question 60

use of energy to produce heat, can alter metabolism, shivering generates heat

Answer 60

thermogenesis

Question 61

thermoregulation in vertebrates is controlled by the ______________

Answer 61

hypothalamus

Question 62

use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain temperature above ambient temperature

Answer 62

endotherms

Question 63

do not use metabolism to produce heat and have body temperature that conforms to ambient temperature

Answer 63

ectotherms

Question 64

fall between ectotherms and endotherms

Answer 64

heterotherms

Question 65

produce no heat and have low MBR, advantage is low energy intake, not capable of of sustained high energy activity, includes most fish, amphibians and modern reptiles

Answer 65

ectotherms

Question 66

must regulate body temperature using behavior, shivering reflex to warm thoracic muscles, reptiles place themselves in varying locations of sunlight and shade

Answer 66

ectotherms

Question 67

produce heat, high metabolic rate, allows sustained high energy activity, requires constants and high energy intake includes mammals, birds, some sharks

Answer 67

endotherms

Question 68

can increase metabolism to raise temp if necessary, often need insulation to prevent wasting internal heat, evaporative cooling occurs in sweating and panting, vasoconstriction limits blood flow to surface, vasodilation increases blood flow

Answer 68

endotherms

Question 69

How do endotherms increase body temperature?

Answer 69

detected by neurons, stimulate the heat-losing center in the hypothalamus, dilation of blood vessels and production of sweat

Question 70

How do endotherms decrease body temperature?

Answer 70

detected by neurons, stimulate heat promoting center by hypothalamus, constrict blood vessels to reduce sweating

Question 71

cause a rise in temperature, act on the hypothalamus to increase the normal set point to a higher temperature, produce fever (normal response to infection)

Answer 71

pyrogens

Question 72

state of dormancy, reduced MBR and temperature, reduce the need for food intake

Answer 72

torpor

Question 73

extreme state of torpor that lasts for weeks or months

Answer 73

hibernation

Question 74

have much higher metabolism to keep warm, lose more heat due to large surface area, must be well insulated in cold environments

Answer 74

small animals

Question 75

have lower metabolic rate, retain heat better due to high volume, usually have little insulation but can overheat

Answer 75

large animals

Question 76

often do not need specialized breathing structures, exchange gas through skin due to large surface area

Answer 76

small animals

Question 77

have lungs, gills, structures add surface area to allow for absorption of gas

Answer 77

large animals

Question 78

less volumes = less mass, can have narrow limbs to support body

Answer 78

small animals

Question 79

more volume = more mass, limbs and neck thicker

Answer 79

large animals