Musculoskeletal System- Chapter 46

Question 1

changes in movement occur because muscles pull against a support structure

Answer 1

skeletal system

Question 2

What are the 3 kinds of skeletal systems?

Answer 2

(1) hydrostatic skeleton
(2) exoskelton
(3) endoskeleton

Question 3

move water inside the cavity using longitudinal and circular muscles jellyfish produce pulsations to move under water, squids force water through a siphon and shoot backwards during jetting

Answer 3

hydrostatic skeleton

Question 4

surrounds the body as a rigid hard case, usually made of the carbohydrate chitin, provides protection for internal organs and site for muscle attachment, must shed periodically

Answer 4

exoskeleton

Question 5

rigid internal skeletons that for the body’s framework and offer surfaces for muscle attachment

Answer 5

endoskeletons

Question 6

echinoderm skeletons are made of _________ which is CaCO3, they can form a solid ______ or a network of spicules

Answer 6

calcite

test

Question 7

What are the 2 divisions of the endoskeleton body plan?

Answer 7

(1) axial skeleton

(2) appendicular skeleton

Question 8

axis of the body, supports the body and protects the internal organs

Answer 8

axial skeleton

Question 9

limb bones and girdles, include pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle

Answer 9

appendicular skeleton

Question 10

vertebrate endoskeletons have ________ and _________, because they are living tissues they can respond to body responses and physical stresses

Answer 10

bone and cartilage

Question 11

make new protein fibers within the bone/cartilage matrix

Answer 11

fibroblasts

Question 12

flexible but resilient connective tissue, matrix of chondroitin

Answer 12

cartilage

Question 13

make new cartilage

Answer 13

chondroblasts

Question 14

maintain existing cartilage

Answer 14

chondrocytes

Question 15

hard but resilient connective tissue that is unique to vertebrates

Answer 15

bone

Question 16

make new bone

Answer 16

osteoblasts

Question 17

maintains existing bone

Answer 17

osteocytes

Question 18

breaks down existing bone

Answer 18

osteoclasts

Question 19

What are the 2 ways that bone develops?

Answer 19

(1) from mesenchyme (bone stem cells)

(2) previously established cartilage model

Question 20

line the outside of the bone, protective layer

Answer 20

periosteum

Question 21

outer dense layer of bone, internal organization of the Haversian System

Answer 21

compact bone

Question 22

honeycomb structure, form the epiphyses inside a thick shell of compact bone

Answer 22

spongy bone

Question 23

retain internal blood vessels, vascular bone with osteocytes

Answer 23

mammal bones

Question 24

avascular and acellular bone

Answer 24

birds and fishes

Question 25

mechanical stress in bones deforms bone crystals, small forces may not have a great effect, but larger can initiate osteoblast activity

Answer 25

remodeling

Question 26

locations where one bone meets another

Answer 26

joints

Question 27

immovable joints

Answer 27

synarthrotic

Question 28

slightly movable joints

Answer 28

amphiarthritic

Question 29

freely movable joint

Answer 29

diarthrotic

Question 30

How are muscle fibers attached to the periosteum of bones?

Answer 30

(1) directly | (2) through a strong fibrous cord called the tendon

Question 31

remains stationary during contraction

Answer 31

origin

Question 32

attached to a bone that moves when muscle contracts

Answer 32

insertion

Question 33

muscle group that causes an action

Answer 33

agonist

Question 34

muscle group that counters movement

Answer 34

antagonist

Question 35

the force of contraction remains relatively constant as the muscle shorten in length

Answer 35

isotonic contraction (move a limb)

Question 36

the length of the muscle does not change as fore is exerted

Answer 36

isometric contractions

Question 37

each skeletal muscle contains numerous cells called _________

Answer 37

fibers

Question 38

fibers are organized into bundles called __________

Answer 38

fascicles

Question 39

each fiber encloses a bundles or organelle called ___________

Answer 39

myofibrils

Question 40

each myofibril in turn is composed of thick and think _____________

Answer 40

myofilaments

Question 41

a set of myofibrils are arranged in parallel known as _________ (thick and thin myofilaments)

Answer 41

sarcomeres

Question 42

each sarcomere consist of thick and thin myofilaments and two __________ lines

Answer 42

Z

Question 43

myofilaments do not shorten, instead the thick and thin filaments slide relative to each other

Answer 43

sliding filament mechanism

Question 44

consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates, all fibers contract together when the motor neuron produces impulses

Answer 44

motor unit

Question 45

the cumulative increase in the number of motor units stimulated, leading to a stronger contraction

Answer 45

recruitment

Question 46

a muscle stimulated with a single impulse, quickly contracts and relaxes

Answer 46

twitch

Question 47

a cumulative response when a second twitch "piggy backs" on the first

Answer 47

summation

Question 48

no relaxation between twitches, sustained contraction is produced

Answer 48

tetanus

Question 49

produced by appendages that oscillate

Answer 49

appendicular locomotion

Question 50

produced by bodies that undulate, pulse, or undergo peristaltic waves

Answer 50

axial locomotion

Question 51

terrestrial locomotion deals mainly with ________

Answer 51

gravity

Question 52

what characteristics allow for animals to fly?

Answer 52

lightened bones and forelimbs turned into wings