Circulatrory System-Chapter 49 Flashcards

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1
Q

sponges, cnidarians, and nematodes _______ a circulatory system, the obtain all their nutrients and oxygen through ________

A

lack

diffusion

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2
Q

no distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid

A

open circulatory system

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3
Q

fluid in an open circulatory system

A

hemolymph

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4
Q

distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in vessels and transported away from and back to the heart

A

closed circulatory system

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5
Q

fluid in a closed circulatory system

A

blood

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6
Q

all _________ have a closed circulatory system

A

vertebrates

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7
Q

path of circulation for fish:

A

body–> heart –> gills —> body

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8
Q

in fishes, four structures are arranged one after the other to form ______ muscular pumping chambers

A

two

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9
Q

fishes have one _____ and one ______

A

atrium

ventricle

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10
Q

what are the 2 components of the double circulation system, as seem in vertebrate circulation?

A

(1) pulmonary circulation

(2) systemic circulation

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11
Q

heart –> lungs –> heart

A

pulmonary circulation

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12
Q

heart –> body –> heart

A

systemic circulation

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13
Q

amphibians and reptiles have a ___ chambered heart, __ atria and __ ventricle

A

3
2
1

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14
Q

amphibians mix oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, they obtain additional oxygen through _________________

A

cutaneous respiration

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15
Q

mammals and archosaurs have a __ chambered heart with 2 __________ and _______

A

4
atria
ventricles

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16
Q

guard the openings between the atria and ventricles, left and right, bicuspid and tricuspid

A

atrioventricular valves

17
Q

guard the exits from the ventricles to the arterial system, pulmonary on the right, aortic on the left

A

semilunar valves

18
Q

supply the heart muscle itself

A

coronary arteries

19
Q

bring the blood back to the right atria

A

cardiac veins

20
Q

resting portion of the cardiac cycle

A

diastole

21
Q

contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

A

systole

22
Q

the heart contracts starting at the _________, located in the right atrium, acts as a pacemaker for the rest of the heart, produces AP for heart to beat

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

23
Q

blood leaves the heart through the _______

A

arteries

24
Q

the finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree

A

arterioles

25
Q

site of oxygen exchange occurs, blood from the arterioles

A

capillaries

26
Q

collects blood from the capillaries

A

venules

27
Q

venules lead into the _______ which carry blood back to the heart

A

veins

28
Q

What are the 4 layers of vasculature?

A
  • inside to outside*
    (1) endothelium
    (2) elastic fibers
    (3) smooth muscle
    (4) connective tissues
29
Q

single layer of endothelial cells, allow rapid exchange of gases and metabolites btwn blood and body cells

A

capillaries

30
Q

contraction of the smooth muscle layer results in ____________

A

vasoconstriction

31
Q

relaxation of the smooth muscle layer results in _____________

A

vasodilation

32
Q

thinner layer of smooth muscle than arteries, return blood to the heart with the help of skeletal muscle contractions and one way valves

A

veins and venules

33
Q

main cause of cardiovascular deaths in the US, insufficient supply of blood to the heart, myocardial infarcation

A

heart attack

34
Q

interference with blood supply to the brain

A

stroke