Respiratory System-Chapter 48

Question 1

gas exchange is dependent on ___________. the more the better

Answer 1

surface area

Question 2

gasses diffuse directly through the membrane, high surface area to volume ratio,

Answer 2

single celled organisms

Question 3

in small invertebrates, such as platyhelminthes cnidarians and nematoda, gases can diffuse through the _________ and ________. it is called the __________ cavity

Answer 3

integument
gut
gastrovascular

Question 4

the flattening of the body cavity ______ the surface area

Answer 4

increases

Question 5

the ________ can circulate gases

Answer 5

pseudocoel

Question 6

specialized tissues with high surface area seen in aquatic groups such as molluska and crustacea, water is taken in and circulated through them, gas is exchanged

Answer 6

internal gills

Question 7

seen in echinoderms, protrude into water column and increase SA exposed to water for gas exchange, O2 circulated through the animal via the water vascular system

Answer 7

papulae

Question 8

openings in the exoskeleton of hexapoda that lead into ducts of the trachea

Answer 8

spiracles

Question 9

trachea divides into _________, more SA delivers air directly to the tissues

Answer 9

tracheoles

Question 10

in amphibians, thin moist skin with lots of ________ allows for gas exchange. this process is called ________________

Answer 10

capillaries

cutaneous respiration

Question 11

aquatic vertebrates have structures that function similarly to invertebrate gills, derived from __________ found in all chordates at one time

Answer 11

pharyngeal slits

Question 12

in aquatic vertebrates there are several _______ on each side of an animal’s head

Answer 12

gill arch

Question 13

each gill arch is composed of two rows of ________ which consist of ___________

Answer 13

gill filaments

lamellae

Question 14

found in immature fish and amphibians, outside the body

Answer 14

external gills

Question 15

What are 2 disadvantages of external gills?

Answer 15

must be constantly move to ensure oxygen rich fresh water, easily damaged

Question 16

in aquatic vertebrates, the water moves into the mouth, through the gills and out of the fish through the _________ or gill cover

Answer 16

operculum

Question 17

as seen in aquatic vertebrates, blood flows opposite to direction of water movement, maximizes oxygenation of blood

Answer 17

countercurrent flow

Question 18

Why were gills replaced in terrestrial vertebrates?

Answer 18

(1) air is less supportive than water

(2) water evaporates

Question 19

minimizes evaporation by moving air through a branched tubular passage, usually have extensive internal surface area for gas exchange

Answer 19

lung

Question 20

frogs push or squeeze air into their lungs by creating a positive pressure in the buccal cavity

Answer 20

positive pressure breathing

Question 21

seen in reptiles and mammals, expansion of thoracic cage by muscular contraction, create empty space, air rushes into lungs to fill empty space

Answer 21

negative pressure breathing

Question 22

in and out the same direction

Answer 22

two directional flow

Question 23

inhaled air passes through the __________, bifurcates into the right and left ________, enter each lung and subdivide into _________

Answer 23

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

Question 24

lungs of mammals are packed with millions of __________

Answer 24

alveoli

Question 25

What events happen during inhalation?

Answer 25

- rib cage expands - diaphragm contracts - negative pressure draws air into lungs

Question 26

What events happen during exhalation?

Answer 26

- elastic fibers collapse rib cage - diaphragm relaxes - positive pressure created

Question 27

air circulates within the body, as seen in archosaurs, results in complete elimination of "used" air

Answer 27

unidirectional breathing

Question 28

in unidirectional breathing, O2 is absorbed through one way tubes called _________ , the action of ______________ allow this kind of breathing

Answer 28

parabronchi | anterior and posterior sacs

Question 29

describe cycle 1 of unidirectional breathing

Answer 29

inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into the posterior air sacs and exhaled into the lungs

Question 30

describe cycle 2 of unidirectional breathing

Answer 30

air is drawn from the lungs into anterior air sacs and exhaled through the trachea

Question 31

during unidirectional breathing....

Answer 31

...deoxygenated air does not need to be exhaled before oxygenated air can be inhaled

Question 32

gas exchange is driven by __________

Answer 32

partial pressures

Question 33

arteries have a relatively ___ CO2 concentration while veins have a relatively ___ CO2 concentration

Answer 33

low | high

Question 34

how do neurons change with CO2 concentration?

Answer 34

- more CO2 increases carbonic acid production - lowers blood pH - stimulation of chemosensitive neurons

Question 35

consists of 4 polypeptide chains, each chain consists of a heme group, each heme group has an iron atom than can bind O2

Answer 35

hemoglobin

Question 36

CO2 moves from the cells into the blood, combines with water to form H+ and HCO3-

Answer 36

transport of CO2

Question 37

when blood passes through the pulmonary capillaries, the reaction is reversed, as the CO2 gas is _________

Answer 37

exhaled