Respiratory System-Chapter 48 Flashcards

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1
Q

gas exchange is dependent on ___________. the more the better

A

surface area

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2
Q

gasses diffuse directly through the membrane, high surface area to volume ratio,

A

single celled organisms

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3
Q

in small invertebrates, such as platyhelminthes cnidarians and nematoda, gases can diffuse through the _________ and ________. it is called the __________ cavity

A

integument
gut
gastrovascular

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4
Q

the flattening of the body cavity ______ the surface area

A

increases

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5
Q

the ________ can circulate gases

A

pseudocoel

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6
Q

specialized tissues with high surface area seen in aquatic groups such as molluska and crustacea, water is taken in and circulated through them, gas is exchanged

A

internal gills

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7
Q

seen in echinoderms, protrude into water column and increase SA exposed to water for gas exchange, O2 circulated through the animal via the water vascular system

A

papulae

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8
Q

openings in the exoskeleton of hexapoda that lead into ducts of the trachea

A

spiracles

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9
Q

trachea divides into _________, more SA delivers air directly to the tissues

A

tracheoles

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10
Q

in amphibians, thin moist skin with lots of ________ allows for gas exchange. this process is called ________________

A

capillaries

cutaneous respiration

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11
Q

aquatic vertebrates have structures that function similarly to invertebrate gills, derived from __________ found in all chordates at one time

A

pharyngeal slits

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12
Q

in aquatic vertebrates there are several _______ on each side of an animal’s head

A

gill arch

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13
Q

each gill arch is composed of two rows of ________ which consist of ___________

A

gill filaments

lamellae

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14
Q

found in immature fish and amphibians, outside the body

A

external gills

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15
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of external gills?

A

must be constantly move to ensure oxygen rich fresh water, easily damaged

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16
Q

in aquatic vertebrates, the water moves into the mouth, through the gills and out of the fish through the _________ or gill cover

A

operculum

17
Q

as seen in aquatic vertebrates, blood flows opposite to direction of water movement, maximizes oxygenation of blood

A

countercurrent flow

18
Q

Why were gills replaced in terrestrial vertebrates?

A

(1) air is less supportive than water

(2) water evaporates

19
Q

minimizes evaporation by moving air through a branched tubular passage, usually have extensive internal surface area for gas exchange

A

lung

20
Q

frogs push or squeeze air into their lungs by creating a positive pressure in the buccal cavity

A

positive pressure breathing

21
Q

seen in reptiles and mammals, expansion of thoracic cage by muscular contraction, create empty space, air rushes into lungs to fill empty space

A

negative pressure breathing

22
Q

in and out the same direction

A

two directional flow

23
Q

inhaled air passes through the __________, bifurcates into the right and left ________, enter each lung and subdivide into _________

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

24
Q

lungs of mammals are packed with millions of __________

A

alveoli

25
Q

What events happen during inhalation?

A
  • rib cage expands
  • diaphragm contracts
  • negative pressure draws air into lungs
26
Q

What events happen during exhalation?

A
  • elastic fibers collapse rib cage
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • positive pressure created
27
Q

air circulates within the body, as seen in archosaurs, results in complete elimination of “used” air

A

unidirectional breathing

28
Q

in unidirectional breathing, O2 is absorbed through one way tubes called _________ , the action of ______________ allow this kind of breathing

A

parabronchi

anterior and posterior sacs

29
Q

describe cycle 1 of unidirectional breathing

A

inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into the posterior air sacs and exhaled into the lungs

30
Q

describe cycle 2 of unidirectional breathing

A

air is drawn from the lungs into anterior air sacs and exhaled through the trachea

31
Q

during unidirectional breathing….

A

…deoxygenated air does not need to be exhaled before oxygenated air can be inhaled

32
Q

gas exchange is driven by __________

A

partial pressures

33
Q

arteries have a relatively ___ CO2 concentration while veins have a relatively ___ CO2 concentration

A

low

high

34
Q

how do neurons change with CO2 concentration?

A
  • more CO2 increases carbonic acid production
  • lowers blood pH
  • stimulation of chemosensitive neurons
35
Q

consists of 4 polypeptide chains, each chain consists of a heme group, each heme group has an iron atom than can bind O2

A

hemoglobin

36
Q

CO2 moves from the cells into the blood, combines with water to form H+ and HCO3-

A

transport of CO2

37
Q

when blood passes through the pulmonary capillaries, the reaction is reversed, as the CO2 gas is _________

A

exhaled