Immune System-Chapter 51

Question 1

recognition of invading pathogens, rapid response, uses soluble antimicrobial proteins

Answer 1

innate immunity

Question 2

characterized by genetic rearrangements that generate a diverse set of molecules to recognize any invader, slower response but highly specific

Answer 2

adaptive immunity

Question 3

What are 4 potential routes of infection?

Answer 3

(1) skin
(2) digestive
(3) respiratory
(4) urogenital

all lined by epithelial cells

Question 4

largest organ in the body, composed of 2 layers

Answer 4

skin

Question 5

5 layers, 10 to 30 cells thick, contains keratin and lysozymes, oil and sweat glands give skin a pH of 3-5

Answer 5

epidermis

Question 6

makes skin tough and water resistant, found in the epidermis

Answer 6

keratin

Question 7

break down bacterial cell walls, seen in epidermis

Answer 7

lysozymes

Question 8

contains 2 layers of connective tissue and is 15-40 times thicker than epidermis, provides structural support for epidermis and matrix for blood vessels, muscles, and nerve endings

Answer 8

dermis

Question 9

contains mainly adipose (fat) cells, acts as shock absorbers and insulators

Answer 9

subcutaneous layer

Question 10

line the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, epithelial tissue that secrete mucus which traps microbes

Answer 10

mucous membranes

Question 11

What are other defenses of mucosal surfaces?

Answer 11

• salivary lysozyme, acidic stomach
• ciliary action to move mucus
• acidic urine

Question 12

innate immunity is the recognition of chemical pattern characteristics of _________

Answer 12

invaders

Question 13

found within or on the cell surface of pathogens

Answer 13

TRL (troll like receptors)

Question 14

given off by pathogens and are found in the fluids they are in

Answer 14

MBL (mannose binding lectins)

Question 15

white blood cells, directly involved in innate immunity, macrophages, neutrophils, and NK lymphocytes

Answer 15

leukocytes

Question 16

the most abundant circulating leukocyte, first to appear at site of damage/infection, kill microbes by phagocytosis

Answer 16

neutrophils

Question 17

large, irregularly shaped cells, enter tissues from the blood and can remain in CT indefinitely, kill microbes by phagocytosis

Answer 17

macrophages

Question 18

destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells, inject chemicals that result in the cell performing programmed cell death or apoptosis, macrophages eat the remains

Answer 18

Natural killer (NK) lymphocyte

Question 19

What is the first step in an inflammatory response?

Answer 19

injured cells release chemical alarms such as histamine and prostaglandins, cause nearby blood vessels to dilate and increase permeability, signs include redness, warmth and swelling

Question 20

What is the second step on an inflammatory response?

Answer 20

leukocyte and fibroblasts accumulate, inflammation is reduced as tissues begin to heal

Question 21

primary chemical to induce a widespread immune response

Answer 21

histamine

Question 22

cell that is primarily responsible for the production of histamine, kind of leokocyte

Answer 22

mast cell

Question 23

30 different proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form, become inactivated when TRLs or MBLs are detected

Answer 23

compliment system

Question 24

proteins aggregate to form a _____________ on the surface of a pathogen or make a pore

Answer 24

membrane attack complex (MAC)

Question 25

Describe the study of Jenner regarding cowpox and smallpox

Answer 25

Jenner noticed that people who had cowpox (mild) rarely experienced small pox (severe), Jenner inoculated individuals with fluid from cowpox vesicles to protect them from smallpox, discovered vaccination

Question 26

What are the 4 characteristics of the adaptive immunity response?

Answer 26

(1) specificity (2) diversity (3) memory (4) ability to distinguish self from non-self

Question 27

a molecule that provokes a specific immune response, proteins/glycoproteins found on surface, can stimulate a distinct immune response

Answer 27

antigens

Question 28

when B or T lymphocyte binds to a specific antigen for the first time, it activates __________

Answer 28

clonal selection

Question 29

during clonal selection, clones are produced, some respond immediately, others are _________

Answer 29

memory cells

Question 30

mature in bone marrow, respond to antigens by secreting immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies, humoral immunity

Answer 30

B lymphocytes

Question 31

naive B cells in secondary lymph organs, activation results in clonal expansion, B cells produced soluble Igs to be circulated (now plasma cells)

Answer 31

humoral immunity

Question 32

aka antibodies, consist of four chains forming a Y-shaped molecule, each chain has an antigen-binding site

Answer 32

Immunoglobulins

Question 33

Each Ig can bind two identical antigens (allows formation of antigen-antibody complexes, these can allow macrophages to better identify invaders, mast cells produce histamine)

Answer 33

Immunoglobulins

Question 34

there are ___ classes of immunoglobulins, released at different times

Answer 34

5

Question 35

mature in the thymus, directly attack cells that carry specific antigens, cell-mediated immunity

Answer 35

T-lymphocytes

Question 36

a macrophage ingests virus or cancer cell and presents the antigen, T cells are activated upon through antigen recognition, clonal expansion occurs

Answer 36

cell mediated immunity

Question 37

What are the 2 types of activated cells during cell mediated immunity?

Answer 37

Cytotoxic T cells | Helper T cells

Question 38

actually attack the cells with foreign antigens right away

Answer 38

cytotoxic T cells

Question 39

detect antigens and release cytokines, these cause the growth of more T cells

Answer 39

Helper T cells

Question 40

cells grown and mature there, bone marrow and thymus

Answer 40

primary lymphoid organs

Question 41

cells move there to expose themselves to antigens, lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT

Answer 41

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 42

any lymphocytes that bind to self-antigens undergo ___________, if the cells is prone to attack your own antigens, it is destroyed, eliminates autoimmunity

Answer 42

self-antigens

Question 43

mature B and T cells become activated in the _________

Answer 43

lymph nodes

Question 44

the _____ is the site of immune response to antigens found mainly in the blood

Answer 44

spleen

Question 45

MALT includes the _______ and __________

Answer 45

tonsils and appendix

Question 46

once exposed to an antigen, it takes time for the B and T lymphocytes to differentiate and for clonal expansion to occur, this is __________________

Answer 46

primary immune response

Question 47

during clonal expansion, certain cells do not fight the infection but instead just go into the lymphoid system, these are known as _________

Answer 47

memory cells

Question 48

these is a large collection of memory cells that can recognize the antigen, immune response is more effective, illness rarely occurs

Answer 48

secondary immune response

Question 49

the acceptance of self cells

Answer 49

immune tolerance

Question 50

caused by the failure of immune tolerance, result in activation of autoreactive T cells and production of autoantibodies by B cells, cause inflammation and organ damage

Answer 50

autoimmune diseases

Question 51

all refers to a greatly heightened response to a foreign antigen, or ________, it is simply an adaptive immune response to an allergen, B cells produce antibodies which stimulate mast cells to produce histamine

Answer 51

allergen

Question 52

most common type of allergies, results in hives and local responses

Answer 52

immediate hypersensitivity

Question 53

dramatic, systemic response to an allergen, can result in death if not treated

Answer 53

anaphylaxis

Question 54

RBC cell membranes have surface antigens, usually glycoproteins or glycolipids, genetically determined, A, B, and Rh used to determine _________

Answer 54

blood type

Question 55

produce antibodies for the ______ you don't have, foreign antigens are destroyed by body

Answer 55

antibodies

Question 56

the accumulation of point mutations to the viral genome that express antigen

Answer 56

antigenic drift

Question 57

sudden appearance of a new viral subtype where proteins are completely different due to antigenic drift

Answer 57

antigenic shift

Question 58

mounts a direct attack on helper T cells, binds to protein on T cell

Answer 58

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Question 59

an individual is considered to have ______ when their T cell level has dropped significantly, immunosupression results in an increase in opportunistic infections and cancers

Answer 59

AIDS