Transport in Plants-Chapter 37 Flashcards

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1
Q

____________ is used to predict which way water will move. measure in MPa or _____________.

A

water potential

megapascals

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2
Q

water always moves from _______ to _________ water potential

A

high to low

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3
Q

the total potential energy of water in the cell is the __________

A

water potential

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4
Q

water moves in the direction that eventually results in ____________

A

equilibrium

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5
Q

water will move towards the greater amount of solute in efforts to dilute the sample

A

true

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6
Q

when water moves into a cell, it becomes swollen or _________. when water moves out of the cell, it will shrink and become __________ (___________ occurs)

A

turgid
plasmolysis
flaccid

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7
Q

water channels that exist in vacuole and cell membranes, speed up osmosis, allow for equilibrium to be established quickly

A

aquaporins

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8
Q

long distance movement of water is assisted by a pulling force called _____________

A

transpiration

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9
Q

was you move up a a plant from the roots, the water potential ____________ which allows water to move against gravity and up the plant

A

decreases

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10
Q

water moves……….

A

into the roots, up the xylem, fills the empty spaces in between the mesophyll cells in the leaf, and evaporates through the stoma

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11
Q

water moves into the roots only if the soil’s water potential is ____________. usually happens because the water is freshwater, root has more solutes than freshwater. roots are usually turgid

A

greater

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12
Q

absorb most of the plant’s water, collectively provide enormous surface areas

A

root hairs

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13
Q

surface area for water and mineral absorption is further increased by ______________ fungi, particularly helpful in phosphorous uptake

A

mycorhizae

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14
Q

water and minerals cannot travel between cells, they must travel through the cell via the symplastic route, plants can regulate fluid and ion concentration before entering the xylem, watertight later in between endodermis cells

A

casparian strip

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15
Q

channels of dead cells that function as vascular tubes, the water moves from the root hairs and ground tissue, lower water potential than the roots, runs the length of the plants and ends in the leaves

A

xylem

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16
Q

Why doesn’t water move down the xylem?

A

(1) tensile strength
(2) water coheres to itself
(3) water adheres to the the walls due to its polarity

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17
Q

tensile strength varies ___________ with diameter

A

inversely

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18
Q

a _________ can break tensile strength, causes an expansion of blockage within the vessel, known as an embolism or cavitation

A

air bubble

19
Q

__________ have lower water potential than xylem, filled with air between mesophyll, water evaporates into the air in these spaces

A

leaves

20
Q

water vapor leaves the leaf through the ______

A

stoma

21
Q

the outside air has a _______________ compared to the leaf

A

lower water potential

22
Q

rate of transpiration is managed by __________

A

guard cells

23
Q

closing the __________ can control water loss on a short-term basis, must be open at some point to allow CO2 entry

A

stomata

24
Q

When do the stomata close?

A

during high temperatures and when CO2 concentrations increase

25
Q

When do the stomata open?

A

when blue wavelengths of light promote uptake K+ by the guard cells

26
Q

Do alternative photosynthetic pathways reduce or increase transpiration rates?

A

reduce

27
Q

guard cells have thicker cell walls on the __________, the are open because they bulge and blow outward when turgid

A

inside

28
Q

What 3 substances are absorbed by guard cells?

A

potassium, chloride, and malate

29
Q

what is the substance that initiates a signaling pathway to close the stomata in drought stress

A

abscisic acid (ABA), ion channels open and water leaves guard cells to retain water in structure

30
Q

ions move into the roots at night when no transpiration is occurring, lowers water potential in roots

A

root pressure

31
Q

if enough root pressure occurs, ___________ is seen on leaf surfaces

A

guttation (dew)

32
Q

What are the 3 transport routes within a cell?

A

(1) apoplast route
(2) symplast route
(3) transmembrane route

33
Q

movement through the cell walls and the space between cells

A

apoplast route

34
Q

cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata

A

symplast route

35
Q

membrane transport between cells and across the membranes of vacuoles within cells (permits greatest control)

A

transmembrane route

36
Q

________ and __________ are essential for the bulk transport of minerals

A

tracheids and vessels

37
Q

over 90% of the plant’s water is lost to the atmosphere through the stomata, _________ and ________ have the greatest effect on the rate

A

temperature and wind velocity

38
Q

What are some factors that allow plants to limit water loss?

A

dormancy, loss of leaves, cuticle and wooly trichomes, reducing the number of stomata, having stomata pits on the leaf surface

39
Q

loose parenchymal tissue with large air spaces, collect oxygen, transport O2 to submerged part of the plant, plants have also adapted to life in fresh water

A

aerenchyma

40
Q

long, spongy, air filled roots that emerge above the mud, lave large lenticels for oxygen entry, secrete salt from their environment (includes mangrove plants)

A

pneumatophores

41
Q

transport carbohydrates from leaves through rest of plant, move nutrient rich fluid called sap, move sucrose and hormones

A

phloem

42
Q

the _____________ model describes the movement of carbohydrates in the phloem, flow from the _______ to the _________

A

source sink model
source
sink

43
Q

What are the steps of phloem-loading? (occurs at the source)

A

(1) mesophyll makes sugars
(2) active transport of sugars into the phloem causes low water potential
(3) water wants to move into phloem from xylem (more fluid in phloem results, turgor pressure increases)
(4) increased pressure drives the pressure to the sink
(5) once at sink, sugar is then actively transported into cells that need it
(6) water diffuses back into the xylem to be reused