Urinary System

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Which kidney sits lower than the other, and why?

Answer 2

Right kidney is slightly lower than the left to make room for the Liver on the right side.

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

All around the abdominal cavity is the _______ _______ (covers inside body wall of the abdominal cavity)

Answer 4

All around the abdominal cavity is the Parietal Peritoneum (covers inside body wall of the abdominal cavity)

Question 5

What separates the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity?

Answer 5

The parietal peritoneum

Question 6

The abdominal organs are covered by a serous membrane called the:

Answer 6

Visceral peritoneum

Question 7

What is the space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum called?

Answer 7

The Peritoneal cavity

Question 8

Where would you find the kidneys in terms of the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 8

Retroperitoneal = behind the peritoneum

ie developed and remain outside of the peritoneal cavity

Question 9

Describe the location of the Right Kidney vs the Left Kidney:

Answer 9

• BOTH are Retroperitoneal
• At the L1-L3 vertebral level is the Right Kidney (lower)
• The Left kidney is located at the T12-L2 Level (higher)

Question 10

The kidneys are surrounded by three layers of fat. What are these layers and what is their purpose?

Answer 10

• Cushion and protect the kidneys

1. Pararenal (retroperitoneal) fat - BETWEEN renal fascia and posterior body wall
2. Perirenal Fat - layer around the kidneys (within the renal fascial layers)
3. Renal Fascia - anchors kidney in posterior abdominal wall

Question 11

Which layer around the kidney anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall?

Answer 11

Renal Fascia

Question 12

Urine enters the ducts in the kidney ______ (apex of renal pyramids), which converge to form ______ and finally, urine goes into the ______

Answer 12

Urine enters the ducts in the kidney at the apex of the renal pyramids called the Minor Calyces, which then converge to form Major Calyces and finally, the urine goes into the Renal Pelvis

Question 13

Label the:

• Minor calyces
• Major calyx
• Renal pelvis
• Hilum
• Ureter

Answer 13

Question 14

What is the Hilum?

Answer 14

Similar to the Hilum of the lung, this is the common entry point: where vessels (renal artery and veins), nerves, and the ureter to pass

ie the point where everything passes

Question 15

The kidneys are surrounded by a tough connective tissue called the: ________

Answer 15

A tough Fibrous capsule surrounds the kidneys.

Question 16

What is the function of the fibrous capsule?

Answer 16

Maintains the shape of the kidney

Question 17

Found mainly in the periphery of the kidney is the _______.

While the ______ is the innermost part of the kidney, closely associated with the Minor calyces

Answer 17

Found mainly in the periphery of the kidney is the Renal Cortex.

While the Renal Medulla is the innermost part of the kidney, closely associated with the Minor calyces

Question 18

The renal medulla is split into cone-shaped tissues called:

Answer 18

Renal Pyramids

Question 19

Specifically, what division of the renal medulla is associated with the minor calyces?

Answer 19

The renal pyramids

Question 20

The Renal pyramid end in a ______ that empties into Minor calyces

Answer 20

The Renal pyramid end in a Renal Papilla that empties into Minor calyces

Question 21

On either side of the renal pyramids are columns of renal cortex called:

Answer 21

Renal Columns

Question 22

A lot of the ______ associated with the renal pyramids is found in the Renal columns

Answer 22

Vasculature

Question 23

What is a Renal lobe?

Where does it empty?

Answer 23

One renal pyramid and a bit of the renal column on each side makes up a Renal Lobe.

One renal lobe empties into one minor calyx

Question 24

In general, there are between ___ and _____ minor calyces in each kidney.

Answer 24

In general, there are between 8 and 15 minor calyces

Question 25

Follow the path of blood into the kidney:

Answer 25

**Renal artery -** enters hilum and splits into: **Segmental Arteries** - divide into: **Interlobar Arteries:** (on either side of renal lobe). These Arch into: **Arcuate Arteries:** Go to the periphery of the cortex where they are called: **Interlobular (cortical radiate) arteries**

Question 26

Follow the path of blood **out** of the kidney:

Answer 26

* Blood drains into the **interlobular veins** * **Arcuate veins** * **Interlobar Veins** * **Renal Vein** * **Inferior vena cava** * **Heart**

Question 27

What is the path of blood between the interlobular artery and the interlobular vein?

Answer 27

* **Afferent Arterioles** branches from interlobular artery = bringing blood IN * Nephron - filters * **Efferent Arterioles** (still oxygenated - oxygen isn't filtered out by nephron) * **Capillaries/Vasa Recta** * **Interlobular Veins**

Question 28

What is the nephron composed of?

Answer 28

Corpuscle and long simple epithelial renal tubule

Question 29

What parts of the nephron are in the Renal Cortex? What parts of the nephron are in the Renal Medulla?

Answer 29

* Cortex * Renal Corpuscle * Glomerulus * Capsule * Proximal convoluted tubule * distal convoluted tubule * Medulla * Loop of Henle * Collecting Ducts

Question 30

What are the two types of nephron and what is the main difference between them?

Answer 30

1. Cortical Nephrons (most common) * Shorter Loop of Henle * Reabsorption and secretion 2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons * Really long loop of Henle * Concentration of urine (reabsorption of water)

Question 31

The concentration of urine is mainly controlled by which type of nephron?

Answer 31

Juxtamedullary

Question 32

In the nephron, where does most of the reabsorption occur?

Answer 32

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (from tube back into blood)

Question 33

The Proximal Convoluted tubule leads into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, where concentration of urine occurs

Answer 33

The Proximal Convoluted tubule leads into the _Loop of Henle_, where concentration of urine occurs

Question 34

The Loop of Henle goes into the _________ where any final secretion/reabsorption occurs

Answer 34

The Loop of Henle goes into the _Distal Convoluted Tubule_ where secretion/reabsorption occurs

Question 35

The afferent arteriole goes into a big "ball" of capillaries called the:

Answer 35

Glomerulus

Question 36

What makes up the parietal layer of the Renal corpuscle? What makes up the Visceral Layer of the Renal Corpuscle?

Answer 36

* Parietal Layer: * Bowman's (Glomerulus) **Capsule** * Simple squamous epithelium * Visceral Layer: * Podocytes * Finely fenestrated layer around the capillary (filtration)

Question 37

The space between the bowman's capsule (parietal layer) and the Podocytes (visceral layer) is called the _______ and is where ______ accumulates

Answer 37

The space between the bowman's capsule (parietal layer) and the Podocytes (visceral layer) is called the _Bowman's (Glomerular) space_ and is where _Filtrate_ accumulates

Question 38

What are the two poles of the Renal Corpuscle and what are they associated with?

Answer 38

* Vascular Pole * vasculature * Tubular/Urinary Pole * associated with Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Question 39

What is the purpose of the mesangial cells in the glomerulus

Answer 39

* Physical support of the capillaries * Adjust contraction of the glomerulus in response to BP changes = optimal filtration rate * Immune role (phagocytosis)

Question 40

How does the glomerulus work as a filter?

Answer 40

* Pores on the capillary side and urinary side * Thick basement membrane to prevent large molecules (RBC, WBC, Platelets, large proteins) from passing through * High blood pressure pushes material (small proteins, metabolites, ions, water, vitamins, toxins) through the pores

Question 41

Which cells of the Distal Convoluted Tubule sense the concentration of sodium in the urine (and BP in general). Which cells do they communicate this information with?

Answer 41

**Macula Densa cells** Communicate to the Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells

Question 42

The Extraglomerular mesangial cells communicate with the _______ cells and cause them to secrete ______ which helps constrict vessels

Answer 42

The Extraglomerular mesangial cells communicate with the _Juxtaglomerular cells_ in the **afferent arteriole** and cause them to secrete _Renin_ which helps constrict vessels

Question 43

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

Answer 43

Regulate blood pressure, blood flow, and filtrate formation

Question 44

In Cortical Nephrons: Efferent arterioles form capillary beds around _______ in the cortex. These reabsorb \_\_\_\_\_\_, _____ and _____ mainly by \_\_\_\_

Answer 44

Efferent arterioles form capillary beds around _tubules_ in the cortex. These reabsorb _Water, organics and salt mainly by **osmosis.**_

Question 45

The loop of Henle has what type of channel to aid in water reabsorption?

Answer 45

Aquaporins

Question 46

The juxtamedullary nephrons have a _________ (capillary bed in the medulla) which carries away water to preserve salt gradient

Answer 46

The juxtamedullary nephrons have a _Vasa Recta_ (capillary bed in the medulla) which carries away water to preserve salt gradient

Question 47

The ascending loop of henle reabsorbs _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ The Descending loop of henle reabsorbs _\_\_\_\_\_\__

Answer 47

The ascending loop of henle reabsorbs _Sodium and Chloride_ The Descending loop of henle reabsorbs _Water_

Question 48

Sodium absorption in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by ______ (hormone from adrenal glands)

Answer 48

Sodium absorption in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by _Aldosterone_ (hormone from adrenal glands)

Question 49

Which part of the nephron: * allows secretion of acid, toxins and drugs * participates in variable reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions, water, and electrolytes * Is under hormonal influence

Answer 49

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Question 50

Which part of the nephron: * Participates in the reabsorption of * organic nutrients * water * ions * electrolytes

Answer 50

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Question 51

Which part of the nephron: * participates in variable reabsorption of water and reabsorption OR secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen and bicarbonate ions * is influenced by ADH (antidiuretic hormone from posterior pituitary)

Answer 51

Collecting Tubules and Ducts

Question 52

Which part of the nephron * delivers urine to calyces?

Answer 52

Papillary duct

Question 53

ADH secreted by the ______ acts on the ______ and the ______ to cause the reabsorption of water into the vasculature

Answer 53

ADH secreted by the _Posterior pituitary_ acts on the _distal convoluted tubule_ and the _collecting tubule_ to cause the reabsorption of water into the vasculature

Question 54

What type of epithelium would be found in the urinary tract?

Answer 54

Transitional (urinary) epithelium

Question 55

The ureters enter the urinary bladder via _______ on the ______ side of the bladder

Answer 55

The ureters enter the urinary bladder via _ureteric orifices_ on the _posterior_ side of the bladder

Question 56

What occurs in the urinary tract to push urine down?

Answer 56

Peristalsis

Question 57

What are three sites of ureteric constriction (or tight area where stone would hurt) \*Important in referred pain (nervous system)\*

Answer 57

1. Ureteropelvic junction (T10-L1) 2. Crossing over common Iliac vessels (T11-L2) 3. Ureterovesical Junction (enter urinary bladder) (L1-L2)

Question 58

Label the urinary Bladder (male): * Rugae * External Urethral Sphincter * Trigone * Prostate Gland * Ureter * Ureteric Openings * internal urethral sphincter * detrusor muscle

Answer 58

Question 59

Which urethral sphincter is under voluntary control (external or internal)?

Answer 59

External - skeletal muscle

Question 60

Why does the urinary bladder have thick lamina propria?

Answer 60

For lots of immune cells

Question 61

What effect does sympathetic innervation have on the urinary system?

Answer 61

* Stimulate **contraction** of **internal urethral sphincter** * Inhibit **detrusor** contraction

Question 62

What effect does Parasympathetic Innervation have on the urinary system?

Answer 62

* Relaxation of **internal urethral sphincter** * Stimulate **detrusor** contraction

Question 63

What effect does Somatic Innervation have on the urinary system?

Answer 63

* Control of external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)

Question 64

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

Answer 64

1. Protatic urethra 2. Membranous urethra 3. Penile (spongy) Urethra