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ANAT 200 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of the digestive system as listed in lecture?

(essentially describe the journey of food from beginning to end)

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical Processing
  3. Digestion
  4. Secretion
  5. Absorption
  6. Compaction
  7. Excretion
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2
Q

What are the four basic layers of the GI “tube”

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular Externis Layer
  4. Serosa
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3
Q

What layer of the GI “tube” is associated with the lumen?

What are the three components of this layer?

A
  • Mucosa
    1. Epithelium
      • Stratified or simple
    2. Lamina Propria (CT)
      • Glands
      • Immune cells
    3. Muscularis Mucosa
      • Propels content of glands into lumen
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4
Q

What is the Submucosa?

What are three components of the Submucosa.

A

Connective tissue layer.

Conduit for vasculature, nerves and lymphatics

  • immune cells
  • exocrine glands
  • submucosal plexus
    • (part of enteric NS)
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5
Q

The muscularis externis has an inner__________layer and an outer _________ layer.

In the stomach, there is a third muscle layer:

At the beginning and end of the GI tube, this muscular layer is ______.

Has the ________ - muscular part of the enteric NS - controls GI motility (peristalsis)

A

The muscularis externis has an Inner circular smooth mm* and an *Outer Longitudinal smooth mm layer.

In the stomach, there is a third muscle layer: Oblique Smooth mm

At the beginning and end of the GI tube, this muscular layer is skeletal (somatic).

Has the Myenteric Plexus - muscular part of the enteric NS - controls GI motility (peristalsis)

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6
Q

What is the serosa made of?

A

Serosa = serous membrane = simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue

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7
Q

What layer of the GI tube continually produces watery fluid that lubricates the peritoneal surfaces?

A

The Serosa

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8
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

2 layers of serosa

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9
Q

Where is the esophagus in relation to the trachea?

A

The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.

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10
Q

What are the Four Abdominal Quadrants?

A
  1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
  2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
  3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
  4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
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11
Q

What organs would you find in the RUQ (right upper quadrant)?

(6)

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gall bladder
  3. duodenum
  4. head of pancreas
  5. transverse colon
  6. right kidney
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12
Q

What organs would you find in the LUQ (left upper quadrant)? (6)

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Spleen
  3. Body & Tail of Pancreas
  4. Transverse colon
  5. Left Kidney
  6. Jejunum
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13
Q

What (4) organs would you find in the RLQ (Right lower quadrant)?

A
  1. Ileum
  2. Cecum
  3. Appendix
  4. Ascending colon
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14
Q

What organs would you find in the LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant)?

A
  1. Ileum
  2. Descending and sigmoid colon
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15
Q

Which in which abdominal quadrant would you find the

  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Duodenum
  • Head of the pancreas
  • Transverse colon
  • Right Kidney
A

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

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16
Q

In which abdominal quadrant would you see the

  • stomach
  • spleen
  • body and tail of pancreas
  • jejunum
  • transverse colon
  • left kidney
A

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

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17
Q

In which quadrant would you find the ileum, cecum, appendix, and ascending colon?

A

Right Lower Quadrant

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18
Q

In which quadrant would you find the ileum and the descending and sigmoid colon?

A

LLQ (left lower quadrant)

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19
Q

What are the three planes of the Abdomen?

A
  1. Midclavicular Plane - middle of clavicles
  2. Subcostal Plane - below the ribs
  3. Intertubercular Plane - tubercles of iliac crests (L5)
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20
Q

What are the 9 regions of the Abdomen?

A
  • Right Hypochondrium / Epigastric Region / Left Hypochondrium
  • Right Flank / Umbilical Region / Left Flank
  • Right Groin / Pubic Region / Left Groin
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21
Q

The serous membrane lining the parietal (abdominal) wall and organs is called the:

What are its five “regions”?

A

Peritoneum

  1. Parietal Peritoneum (orange)
  2. Visceral Peritoneum (blue)
  3. Mesentery (proper) (green)
  4. Greater omentum (red)
  5. Lesser Omentum (purple)
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22
Q

Which membrane (peritoneum) lines the peritoneal cavity (body wall)

A

Parietal Peritoneum

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23
Q

Which membrane lines the peritoneal organs (viscera)

A

Visceral Peritoneum

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24
Q

Which membrane forms a sandwich of visceral peritoneum (2 layers of peritoneum that serves as a conduit for vessels, nerves and lymphatics and also anchors the organs to the body wall)

A

Mesentery

*Know this is 2 layers of serous membrane*

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25
Q

Which membrane is mesentery from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon (apron-like)?

A

Greater Omentum

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26
Q

Which membrane is mesentery from lesser curvature of stomach to liver?

A

Lesser Omentum

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27
Q

Name 10 Retroperitoneal (behind parietal peritoneum) structures:

A
  1. Inferior Vena Cava
  2. Right Kidney
  3. Duodenum
  4. Ascending colon
  5. Rectum
  6. Urinary Bladder
  7. Esophagus
  8. Pancreas
  9. Left Kidney
  10. Descending colon
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28
Q

What is included in the Foregut?

What vessels supply the foregut?

A

Foregut:

  • From abdominal esophagus to descending part of duodenum
  • Supplied by the Celiac Trunk
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29
Q

What is meant by “Midgut”?

What vessel supplies the Midgut?

A

Midgut:

  • From descending part of duodenum to left colic flexure of transverse colon
  • Supplied by Superior Mesenteric Artery
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30
Q

What is meant by “Hindgut”?

What vessel supplies the hindgut?

A

Hindgut:

  • From Left Colic Flexure of the transverse colon to the Rectum
  • Supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery
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31
Q

Which 7 structures are supplied by the Celiac Trunk?

A
  1. Abdominal Esophagus
  2. Stomach
  3. Spleen
  4. Liver
  5. Gallbladder
  6. Pancreas
  7. Duodenum (of small intestine)
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32
Q

Which 7 structures are supplied by the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)?

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Duodenum
  3. Jejunum (Sm. Int.)
  4. Ileum (Sm. Int)
  5. Cecum & Appendix (large intestine)
  6. Ascending Colon
  7. Transverse Colon
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33
Q

Which artery supplies the Ovaries/testes?

A

Gonadel Artery

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34
Q

Which artery supplies the kidneys and adrenal glands?

A

Renal Artery

35
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) supplies which 3 structures?

A
  1. Descending colon
  2. sigmoid colon
  3. rectum
36
Q

What is important about venous return in the digestive system?

A

All veins meet at the hepatic portal vein to be filtered by the liver

37
Q

The oral mucosa is what type of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium - protects from abrasion

38
Q

What happens in the oral cavity?

(4)

A
  1. Sensory analysis of ingested material
  2. Mechanical digestion (teeth, tongue, palatal surfaces, cheeks)
  3. Lubrication by mixing ingested mat. with saliva and mucous
  4. Some chemical digestion
    • amylase (carbohydrates)
39
Q

What divides the cavities?

What divides the pharynx?

A

Hard palate divides the cavities

Soft Palate divides the Pharynx

40
Q

What makes up the oral vestibule?

A

Space between lips, cheek, and teeth

41
Q

What are the three types of tonsils?

What is their purpose?

A

Immune function

  1. Pharyngeal tonsils (associated with pharynx)
  2. Palatine tonsils (Associated with palate - see in back of throat)
  3. Lingual tonsils (associated with tongue)
42
Q

What part of the tooth is the equivalent of bone? What is the difference?

A

Dentin is equivalent to bone but without any “living” parts (ie - no osteoblasts)

-Needs root and pulp area to get nutrients

43
Q

What type of joint would the tooth - mandible/maxilla joint be considered?

A

Suture

  • fibrous articulation
  • Dentin articulates with bone via connective tissue (periodontal ligament)
44
Q

What are the three regions of the tooth distinguished by?

(Crown, neck, Root)

A

Crown: Part of tooth that is visible

Neck: Oral Mucosa (gingiva)

Root: Part of tooth in the bone

45
Q

What part of the tooth is associated with the neurovascular bundle (arteries, veins, nerves)?

A

Root Canals

46
Q

Where does the neurovascular bundle lead into?

A

The pulp cavity - to supply the dentin

47
Q

What are the four types of tooth in humans?

A
  1. Incisors
  2. Canines
  3. Premolars
  4. Molars
48
Q

The upper dentition in maxillae are innervated by:

While the lower dentition in mandible are innervated by:

A

The upper dentition in maxillae are innervated by: CN V2 (maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve)

While the lower dentition in mandible are innervated by: CN V3 (Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)

49
Q

How many teeth does an average human have?

A

32

  • Central and Lateral Incisors
  • Canin
  • 1st and 2nd Premolar
  • 1st, 2nd, 3rd Molars
50
Q

How many deciduous teeth (milk teeth) do humans have?

A

~20

No premolars

51
Q

How are deciduous teeth replaced by permanent teeth?

A

Root erodes

Vasculature atrophies

Permanent tooth pushes out deciduous tooth

52
Q

Which group of muscles of the tongue changes shape during speech?

(intrinsic or extrinsic)

A

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

53
Q

Which group of muscles of the tongue contribute to swallowing (push the tongue superiorly and posteriorly)

A

Extrinsic Muscles

  • Palatoglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Genioglossus
54
Q

The extrinsic muscles of the tongue have an ______ on the tongue and an ________ elsewhere:

Tongue to Mandible: ____-_\_

Tongue to Hyoid bone: ______\_

Tongue to Styloid Process: ______\_

Tongue to Soft Palate:

A

The extrinsic muscles of the tongue have an origin on the tongue and an attachment elsewhere:

Tongue to Mandible: Genioglossus

Tongue to Hyoid bone: Hyoglossus

Tongue to Styloid Process: Styloglossus

Tongue to Soft Palate: Palatoglossus

55
Q

Most tongue muscles are innervated by:

A

Most tongue muscles are innervated by: CN XII (Hypoglossus Nerve)

The palatoglossus muscle is innervated by the vagus nerve

56
Q

What part of the tongue would you find the lingual tonsils?

A

Root (Posterior 1/3)

57
Q

What is present on the tongue that helps with mechanical abrasion and houses taste buds?

A

Papillae

  1. Fungiform P.
  2. Filiform P.
  3. Vallate P.
58
Q

Which two nerves are responsible for general sensation of the tongue?

A
  1. Mandibular (CN V3)
  2. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
59
Q

Which two nerves act as taste receptors on the papillae?

A
  1. Facial (CN VII) via chorda tympani
  2. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
60
Q

Are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine?

What are the two types of secretion from salivary glands?

A

Exocrine - release into ducts

  1. Serous secretion
  2. Mucous secretion
61
Q

What is the difference between serous secretions and mucous secretions from the salivary glands?

A
  1. Serous
    • Secrete enzymes
    • Moisten food
  2. Mucous
    • Lubricate passage of food
62
Q

What are four components of saliva?

A
  1. Contains the enzyme, amylase, to initiate the breakdown of carbohydrates
  2. Contains buffers to regulate oral pH
  3. Contains antibodies - immune
  4. dissolves chemicals that stimulate taste buds
63
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

Parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

64
Q

Which of the three types of salivary glands is the largest?

How much do they contribute to saliva secretion?

What type of secretion do they produce (Serous vs Mucous)

A

Parotid glands

  • Secretes ~25% of saliva
  • Serous secretions (Amylase)
65
Q

Where do the parotid glands empty?

A

In oral vestibule by 2nd Maxillary Molar (Parotid Papilla)

66
Q

The Parotid Glands have _______ innervation by _______

(parasympathetic or sympathetic; which cranial nerve)

A

The Parotid Glands have parasympathetic innervation by CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

67
Q

sublingual glands

  • type of secretion (mucous or serous)
  • where they are found
  • salivary contribution
  • innervation
A

sublingual glands

  • type of secretion (mucous or serous):
    • Mainly mucous (mucin)
  • where they are found
    • floor of mouth: sublingual plica
  • salivary contribution
    • ~5%
  • innervation
    • Parasympathetic;
    • CN VII (facial)
68
Q

Submandibular Glands:

  • Type of secretion (serous or mucous)
  • Where ducts empty
  • Salivary contribution
  • Innervation
A

Submandibular Glands:

  • Type of secretion (serous or mucous)
    • Mixture of serous and mucous secretions
  • Where ducts empty:
    • Open on either side of frenulum (sublingual caruncle)
  • Salivary contribution
    • ~70%
  • Innervation
    • Parasympathetic
    • CN VII (facial)
69
Q

What division of the NS stimulates salivary secretion?

A

Parasympathetic (autonomic)

70
Q

What nerve innervates the pharynx?

A

CN X (vagus)

71
Q

The common passageway for food, liquid and air is the:

A

Pharynx

72
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the pharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

73
Q

_______ muscles elevate soft palate during swallowing

A

Palatal muscles elevate soft palate during swallowing

74
Q

_________ _______ muscles help elevate the larynx and push the bolus towards the esophagus

A

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles (superior, middle, inferior) help elevate the larynx and push bolus towards the esophagus

75
Q
  • Tongue muscles contract - pushes tongue ____\_and ______\_
  • ______ and ______ ____\_ muscles contract to close the nasopharynx
  • Elevation of the _______ ensures closure of the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering trachea
  • Sequential contraction of the _____ and ______ _____ _____ and eventual peristalsis in the _______
A
  • Tongue muscles contract - pushes tongue posterior and superior
  • Levator and tensor veli palatini (palate) muscles contract to close the nasopharynx
  • Elevation of the pharynx and larynx ensures closure of the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering trachea
  • Sequential contraction of the middle and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles and eventual peristalsis in the esophagus
76
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Coordination of circular and longitudinal muscles that moves things forward (propulsion)

77
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Mainly circular muscle - churn and mix contents (no propulsion)

78
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

79
Q

The esophagus extends from vertebra ____ to ____

A

The esophagus extends from vertebra C6 to T7

_(_cricoid cartilage, posterior mediastinum to abdomen; ~25cm long)

80
Q

What sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach?

A

Cardiac sphincter

81
Q

Which nerve innervates the esophagus?

A

CN X (vagus)

82
Q

Is the esophagus skeletal or smooth muscle?

A

Both

83
Q

What five components of the esophagus help prevent reflux and acid erosion?

A
  1. cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter)
  2. Peristaltic clearance
  3. Submucosal glands
  4. Stratified squamous epithelium (MANY LAYERS)
  5. Mucous from stomach

ANAT 200 (20 decks)

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