Respiratory System: Slides 22-44 (Tissues/ Blood Supply/ Respiration) Flashcards

1
Q

What are three key components of an Airway Wall.

Where are each found and what purpose do they have?

A
  1. Cartilage
    • Found in larger airways
    • Helps keep airways open
  2. Smooth muscle
    • Found predominantly in smaller airways
    • Controls diameter of airway (constrict/dilate)
    • Reduce airflow (via constriction)
  3. Elastic Fibre
    • Predominate smaller airways and respiratory portion of respiratory system
    • Elastic recoil provides force for expiration
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2
Q

What part of the respiratory system (primarily) is affected in asthma?

A

Bronchioles

  • Chronic inflammation that leads to thickening of the bronchial wall
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3
Q

What controls smooth muscle contraction in bronchioles?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

In an asthma attack, what causes the sudden constriction of the bronchioles?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation as well as chemical messengers such as histamine involved in allergic reactions

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5
Q

Breakdown of the alveolar walls is called?

A

Emphysema

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6
Q

What are two detrimental effects of emphysema?

A

Breakdown of alveolar walls = Less surface area for gas exchange and loss of elastic fibres

  • Reduced elastic recoil
  • Reduced respiratory efficiency
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7
Q

What type of epithelium would you find in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx and large airways of the respiratory system?

A
  • Pseudostratified epithelium
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8
Q

Describe the Respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx and large airways:

(include: 3 types of cells and their functions)

A
  • Pseudostratified epithelium
  • Has ciliated columnar epithelial cell
    • Cilia sweeps layer of mucus up the airway to remove any accumulated foreign material
  • Goblet cells
    • Secrete mucus. forming the mucus layer (which acts as a conveyer belt)
  • Basal Cells (gives appears of pseudostratified)
    • Stem cells: Constantly renew epithelium
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9
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

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10
Q

As we go further into the branches of the lower respiratory tract what happens to the epithelium?

A

Gradually becomes simpler:

  • simple columnar
  • simple cuboidal
  • simple squamous (VERY thin)
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11
Q

What cells make up the alveolar wall?

A

Type one alveolar cells (pneumocytes)

-very thin squamous epithelial cells

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12
Q

For what two reasons are type two alveolar cells important?

What is another name for them?

A

Surfactant cells

  1. Produce surfactant = fluid that breaks down surface tension in fluid (like soap = slippery)
  2. Stem cells = divide and renew themselves as well as type 1 pneumocytes
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13
Q

Between the alveoli is a thin wall of _______ with embedded _______

A

Between the alveoli is a thin wall of Connective tissue with embedded capillaries

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14
Q

How many plasma membranes does an oxygen molecule have to cross in order to pass from the air space (of alveoli) to a hemoglobin molecule in a red blood cell

A
  1. Type I pneumocyte
  2. Endothelial cell forming wall of capillary
  3. basal laminal
  4. endothelium of capillary
  5. membrane of RBC
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15
Q

How do Alveolar Macrophages assist in removing debris?

A
  1. Ingest debris in alveoli
  2. Enter airways
  3. Become trapped in mucus sheet
  4. Carried toward pharynx via capillary action
  5. Either expectorated (spit out) or swallowed
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16
Q
A
17
Q

The pulmonary veins are interlobular. What does this mean?

A

They do not follow the airways, unlike the pulmonary arteries.

Travel their own path

18
Q

Label:

  • Smooth muscle
  • Alveolar Sac
  • Alveolar Duct
  • Alveolus
  • Capillaries
  • Elastic Fibres
  • Respiratory bronchiole
A
19
Q

What increases volume of pleural cavity (leading to inhalation)?

A

Contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm

20
Q

Exhalation during quiet breathing results from?

A

Relaxation of external intercostals and diaphragm decreases volume of pleural cavity causing exhalation (Quiet breathing)

21
Q

What three muscles are involved in forced inhalation but not quiet inhalation?

What are they collectively known as?

Hint: think muscles that elevate the rib cage

A
  1. Scalenes
  2. Sternocleidomastoid
  3. Pectoralis minor

Accessory respiratory muscles

22
Q

What 2 muscles would aid in forced exhalation?

A
  1. Abdominal wall muscles
  2. Internal intercostal muscles
23
Q

Name the muscle(s) that contract to:

  • Lift ribs superiorly and
  • move sternum anteriorly

What event in respiration are they involved in?

A

External Intercostals

Quiet inhalation

24
Q

What is the diaphragms role in quiet breathing?

A

Contraction flattens diaphragm

Increases vertical diameter of thoracic cavity

25
Q

Relaxation of ______ and _____ leads to quiet exhalation

A

Relaxation of external intercostals and diaphragm leads to elastic recoil of lung tissue and quiet exhalation

26
Q

What feature of alveoli aids in quiet exhalation?

A

Elastic recoil of lung tissue = pushes air out

27
Q

What role do the following muscles have in forced inspiration?

  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Scalenes
  3. Pectoralis minor
A

What role do the following muscles have in forced inspiration?

  1. Sternocleidomastoid - elevates sternum
  2. Scalenes - elevate ribs 1 and 2
  3. Pectoralis minor - elevates ribs 3-5
28
Q

What role do the abdominal muscles have in forced expiration?

A
  • move inferior ribs inferiorly
  • compress viscera - move diaphragm superiorly