Reproductive System (Female) Part I Flashcards
1
Q
What are the female gonads?
A
The ovaries
(produce gametes - 1/month and sex hormones progesterone and estrogen)
2
Q
What are the two accessory ducts you would find in the female reproductive system?
A
- Fallopian (uterine) tubes: transport of ovum and fertilization
- Uterus: implantation & development of fetus (menstrual cycle in no implantation occurs)
3
Q
What organ is both the female organ of copulation and the birth canal?
A
Vagina
4
Q
What are the two accessory glands associated with the female reproductive system?
A
- Mammary glands = nutrition of newborn
- Pituitary gland = stimulates oogenesis and ovulation
5
Q
What two hormones are produced by the ovaries?
A
Estrogen and progesterone
6
Q
What three things are produced by the ovaries?
A
- Gametes (~1/month)
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
7
Q
Where does fertilization occur in the female reproduction occur?
A
Fallopian (uterine) tubes
8
Q
The peritoneum over all of the female reproductive organs is called
A
The Broad Ligament
(over uterus, fallopian tube, ovary)
9
Q
The uterus has a thickening just before the vaginal canal called the:
A
Cervix
10
Q
Between the bladder and the uterus, the parietal peritoneum produces a pouch called the:
A
Vesicouterine pouch
11
Q
Between the uterus and rectum, the parietal peritoneum produces a pouch called the:
A
Rectouterine pouch
12
Q
What makes up the suspensory ligament?
A
Ovarian aa and vv
(peritoneum surrounding vasculature)
13
Q
What connects the ovary to the uterus?
A
Ovarian Ligament - thickening of peritineum
14
Q
What is the first portion of the fallopian tubes called?
A
Infundibulum: has fimbriae (finger projection) - where ovum enters
15
Q
Following the infundibulum is a thickening of the fallopian tube called the _______ which is the “perfect environment for ______”
A
Following the infundibulum is a thickening of the fallopian tube called the ampulla which is the “perfect environment for fertilization”
16
Q
Following the ampulla, the fallopian tube is called the ______ before reaching the transitional portion called ______
A
Following the ampulla, the fallopian tube is called the isthmus before reaching the transitional portion called intramural
17
Q
What is implicated by having the parietal peritoneum draped over the reproductive organs in females?
A
Each time the female ovulates, the peritoneum must be digested in order to offer the ovum to fimbriae (fallopian tube)
- Ovary becomes intraperitoneal
18
Q
What are the three parts to the broad ligament (formed by two layers of peritoneum)
A
- Mesosalpinx: over tube
- Mesovarium: over ovary
- Mesometrium: over uterus
19
Q
The part of the broad ligament that covers the fallopian tubes is called:
A
Mesosalpinx
(Meso = Mesentery; salpinx = tube)
20
Q
The mesentery (broad ligament) over the ovary is called the:
A
Mesovarium
21
Q
The part of the mesentery (broad ligament) that covers the uterus (and the rest of the reproductive tract) is called the:
A
Mesometrium
22
Q
What structure anchors the uterus down?
A
Broad ligament
23
Q
What ligament goes to the inguinal canal?
A
Round ligament of the uterus
24
Q
Which ligament extends from the wall of the pelvis to the ovary?
A
Suspensory Ligament
25
Which ligament connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus?
Ovarian ligament
26
Part of the broad ligament that attaches to the body wall (on either side of the uterus) is called the:
Transverse Ligament
27
What ligament joins the uterus to the sacrum? (Posterior)
Uterosacral ligament
28
What three major ligaments are associated with the ovaries?
1. Mesovarium (pink)
* mesentery (broad ligament)
2. Ovarian Ligament (purple)
* anchor to the uterus
3. Suspensory ligament (orange)
* ovarian blood vessels
29
The ovaries produce:
Ova, estrogen and progesterone
30
What are 6 functions of estrogen and progesterone?
1. Regulate functions of reproductive system (and other systems)
2. Generate secondary sex characteristics
3. Generate sex drive
4. maintenance of uterus lining (endometrium)
5. stimulates growth and metabolism throughout the body
6. influence brain development
31
What are the three processes associated with the female reproductive system?
1. Oogenesis
* production of oocytes (gametes)
2. Ovarian cycle
* events associated with oocyte maturation
3. Uterine (menstrual cycle)
* prep uterus for implantation of fertilized oocyte
32
What process produces female gametes?
Oogenesis
33
Production of female gametes (oogenesis)
* Begins during \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Dormant until \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Ends at \_\_\_\_\_\_
Production of female gametes (oogenesis)
* Begins during _foetal development (oogenia converted into primary oocytes)_ *born with all gametes*
* Dormant until _puberty (menarche)_
* Ends at _menopause_
34
What part of oogenesis happens before birth?
Mitosis and DNA replication (primary oocyte)
35
At birth, what happens to the primary oocytes?
They are suspended in meiosis I
36
The ______ undergoes mitosis to become the diploid primary oocyte
The _oogonium_ undergoes mitosis to become the diploid primary oocyte
37
What is a primordial follicle?
Primary oocyte with cells surrounding it (female is born with all)
38
What happens to the primary oocyte at puberty?
What is it stimulated by?
During puberty:
* Anterior pituitary starts producing Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* FSH stimulates the completion of meiosis I by the primary oocytes into **secondary oocyte**
39
At ovulation, the secondary oocyte is suspended in \_\_\_\_\_\_
At ovulation, the secondary oocyte is suspended in _meiosis II_
40
What does the secondary oocyte do with its organelles?
* "kicks out" the second nucleus (first polar body)
* ingests all the cytoplasm that was in the second body
41
In males how many sperm are produced from one germ cell?
How does this relationship differ to that of females?
* 1 germ cell produces 4 sperm
* 1 germ cell produces 1 secondary oocyte
42
What hormone stimulates ovulation?
LH (luteinizing hormone)
43
What has to happen for the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II?
Fertilization
44
If there is no fertilization, what happens to the secondary oocyte?
It passes into the uterus as an immature egg and disintegrates = menses
45
If the secondary oocyte is fertilized as it's passing through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, it completes ______ and forms a _______ and a \_\_\_\_\_\_
If the secondary oocyte is fertilized as it's passing through the _fallopian tube_, it completes _meiosis_ and forms a _mature egg_ and a _second polar body_
46
What process results in formation of the polar body?
Uneven division of the cytoplasm
47
Where do oocytes develop and mature?
What is this process called?
In ovarian follicles
* ovarian cycle
48
What part of oogenesis is completed before birth?
What part of oogenesis occurs at puberty?
What happens at ovulation?
* Before birth:
* mitosis
* meiosis I
* Puberty
* completion of meiosis I
* Keeps one nucleus
* Absorbs all cytoplasm
* Ovulation:
* start meiosis II
* Suspend meiosis II
* only completes if secondary oocyte is fertilized
49
What is the the ovarian cycle?
Monthly series of events associated with maturation of the oocyte
50
What ligament is associated with the hilum of the ovary?
Suspensory ligament
* entry point for ovarian vessels
51
What makes up the Ovary?
The ovary itself is a dense connective tissue called tunica albuginea (same as in males)
The ovary is covered in peritoneum
52
The part of the ovary is closely associated to the peritoneum is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
What happens in this region?
The part of the ovary closely associated to the peritoneum is called the _cortex_.
The oocytes mature at different stages in the cortex
53
What is the primary difference between the ovarian cortex and medulla?
More vasculature (more capillaries) associated with the medulla
* because site where there is exchange of sex hormones from oocyte to vasculature
54
What are the three stages to the ovarian cycle?
1. Follicular Phase
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal Phase
55
What is the follicular stage focused on?
What are the four follicles in this stage?
The cells surrounding the oocyte and their maturation - prepping for ovulation
* Primordial follicle - born with
* Primary follicle - differentiation of cells
* Secondary follicle - produce antrum (liquid)
* Mature (Graafian) Follicle
56
What happens at ovulation?
Follicle ruptures and egg digests through the cortex and peritoneum in order to offer oocyte and associated cells (*corona radiata*)
57
What happens in the luteal phase?
* time span
* hormones
* "time between ovulation and start of menstruation"
* ~12 days (uterus is prepping for implantation)
* Ruptured follicle closes - forms corpus luteum - cells from the follicles differentiate
* increase estrogen
* decrease LH and FSH
58
What happens in the luteal phase if there is no fertilization?
Corpus luteum degenerates into fibroblasts
* forms scar tissue called **corpus albicans** (stays there entire life - shows how often a woman ovulated)
59
The tunica albuginea (CT of ovary) has ______ cells that differentiate and surround the primary oocyte - become simple squamous epithelium surrounding oocyte (follicle)
The tunica albuginea (CT of ovary) has _Stromal_ cells that differentiate and surround the primary oocyte - become simple squamous epithelium surrounding oocyte (follicle)
60
Once the stromal cells differentiate to form the simple squamous epithelium surrounding the oocyte, they are called:
Follicle cells
61
A primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells (simple squamous cells) is called a:
Primary follicle
62
How is the primary follicle developed?
* FSH at puberty stimulates differentiation of follicle cells
* follicle cells go from **simple squamous** to **cuboidal** and they become more numerous (lots of layers)
63
Both the cuboidal cells _____ and oocyte are producing a _______ during primary follicle development, which together produces a basal membrane called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Both the cuboidal cells _"Granulosa cells"_ and oocyte are producing a _basal laminal_ during primary follicle development, which together produces a *basal membrane* called the _zona pellucida_
64
What is the zona pellucida?
What is it produced by and when?
Thick glycoprotein layer surrounding the plasma membrane of the oocyte
* produced by both follicle (differentiated into granulosa) cells and the oocyte during primary follicle development (follicular phase)
65
What are theca cells?
When do they appear?
Appear during primary follicle development (first appear around follicles that have 2+ layers of granulosa cells)
* associated with capillaries
* endocrine cell that produces the androgen substrate important for the biosynthesis of estrogen
66
What makes up the primary follicle?
1. Primary oocyte
2. zona pellucida (protein coat)
3. Granulosa cells (cuboidal cells)
4. Theca cells (endocrine cells)
67
What is FSH regulated by?
What is it critical for?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
Critical for the stimulation of follicle development (start of ovarian cycle every month)
68
What is the difference between the secondary follicle and the primary follicle
Secondary follicles are larger - more granulosa cells
* theca cells associated with vasculature
* accumulation of follicular fluid in intracellular space (called the Antrum)
69
Which two cells produce and release estrogen into the vasculature?
Communication between Theca and granulosa cells
* theca cells are the ones that release the estrogen into the vasculature
70
What is the role of estrogen in the ovarian cycle?
Estrogen supports the regrowth of the endometrium (layer in uterus) after menstruation
71
What is the antrum?
Fluid-filled space
rich in plasma
super "sticky"
72
What happens during mature follicle development?
Granulosa cells prepare oocyte for ovulation:
* differentiate into *cumulus oophorus* (egg on a cloud) and raise the oocyte
73
How many secondary follicles develop into a mature (graafian) follicle?
Only one
the rest degenerate by atresia
74
What happens once the oocyte is projected into the antrum (by cumulus oophorus - granulosa cells)?
The complex pushes against the ovary - starts to eat through the cortex
* Mature follicle starts meiosis II (stops at metaphase)
* granulosa cells degenerate
* oocyte separates from wall
* oocyte is now free-floating in antrum with corona radiata
* Ready for ovulation
75
What is the function of non-ovulated follicles?
They are all secreted estrogen
- many small follicles are required in early stages of the ovarian cycle to secrete required estrogen
- as follicles enlarge, one becomes dominant and takes over estrogen secretion
76
What stimulates ovulation?
* follicle matures - increasing estrogen secretion
* high [estrogen] cases anterior pituitary to release *luteinizing hormone (LH)*
* LH induces the final maturation and ovulation of the follicle
77
What happens during ovulation (2nd stage of ovarian cycle)
* The granulosa cells chew through the cortex and peritoneum of the ovary
* Follicle ruptures
* oocyte released with its corona radiata onto surface of ovary
* sticky antrum allows oocyte to be offered to the fimbriae
78
As long as the corpus luteum is active (about 12 days) it produces: (hormone)
As long as the corpus luteum is active (about 12 days) it produces: progesterone
-prepares uterus for implantation
79
What happens during the Luteal phase?
* empty follicle collapses and ruptures blood vessels
* Remaining granulosa cells proliferate and create corpus luteum
80
What is the corpus luteum maintained by?
Luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary
or
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from implanted embryo
81
What hormone is tested for by pregnancy tests?
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
-released as soon as there is implantation of embryo
82
Both FSH and LH are regulated by what hormone?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (from hypothalamus)
83
**ovarian cycle and endocrine integration**
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the ________ to release FSH which kickstarts the ________ phase of the ovarian cycle
* these follicles produce ______ which stimulates the hypothalamus to release GnRH which causes release of ___ from the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
* LH stimulates _________ (second phase of ovarian cycle)
* The _______ produces a bunch of progesterone and estrogen to prepare uterus for implantation (\_\_\_\_\_ phase)
* After ____ days, if there is no fertilization, the amounts of progesterone and estrogen produced is _____ and the ________ dies off becoming the scar tissue \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the _anterior pituitary_ to release FSH which kickstarts the _follicular_ phase of the ovarian cycle
* these follicles produce _estrogens_ which stimulates the hypothalamus to release GnRH which causes release of _LH_ from the _anterior pituitary_.
* LH stimulates _ovulation_ (second phase of ovarian cycle)
* The _corpus luteum_ produces a bunch of progesterone and estrogen to prepare uterus for implantation (_Luteal_ phase)
* After _12_ days, if there is no fertilization, the amounts of progesterone and estrogen produced is _reduced_ and the _corpus luteum_ dies off becoming the scar tissue _corpus albicans_
84
What stabilises the fallopian (uterine) tubes?
Mesosalpinx
85
The ____ of the fallopian tubes is considered "outside world"
The _lumen_ of the fallopian tubes is considered "outside world"
86
The fallopian tubes are ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ tubes that _____ the oocyte
The fallopian tubes are _hollow, muscular_ tubes that _nourish_ the oocyte
87
During ovulation, the ______ and ______ (of fallopian tubes) sweep over the surface of the ovary.
The oocyte is captured by the _____ and transported into the fallopian tube by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
During ovulation, the _infundibulum_ and _fimbrae_ (of fallopian tubes) sweep over the surface of the ovary.
The oocyte is captured by the _infundibulum_ and transported into the fallopian tube by _simple ciliated columnar epithelium_
88
What is the effect of estrogen on smooth muscle?
Estrogen stimulates smooth mm contraction
* causes fimbriae to contract
89
The fallopian transports the _____ (\_\_\_\_\_ if meiosis II is completed) to the uterus
The fallopian transports the _secondary_ _oocyte_ (_ovum/zygote_ if meiosis II is completed) to the uterus
90
What are the four regions of the fallopian tubes?
1. Infundibulum
2. Ampulla
3. Isthumus
4. Intramural
91
What is the infundibulum?
How does it respond to high estrogen levels?
* First portion of the fallopian tube- begins with fibriae
* When estrogen is high, smooth mm contract = fimbriae sweeps over ovary
* Epithelium has ciliated and secretory cells; cilia beat in direction of the **ampulla** (second region of fallopian tube)
92
What is at the ampulla of the fallopian tube?
- secretes?
- movement of oocyte?
- lumen?
* enlargement
* complex lumen
* mucosal folds - where fertilization usually takes place
* secretes nutrient rich mucus
* Cilia and muscle contraction move oocyte
93
What is the isthmus of the fallopian tube?
Narrowest point of the fallopian tube
* thick muscularis
* peristaltic contraction moves oocyte towards uterus
94
What is the intramural\>
Part of fallopian tube - duct that penetrates the wall of the uterus
95
Zygote implants in the ______ of the uterus
Zygote implants in the _mucosa_ of the uterus
* thick because of progesterone
