Endocrine System Prerecording 2 Flashcards by Echo Quinton

A single Pituitary gland sits in the bony ____ _____

A single Pituitary gland sits in the bony Sella Turcica

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The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stem of blood vessels and nerve cell projections called the _______

The pituitary gland is connected to the brain by a thin stem of blood vessels and nerve cell projections called the infundibulum (Pituitary stalk)

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What are the two regions of the pituitary gland and their origins?

Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis): came from Embryonic tissue known as ectoderm
Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis): came from the brain (Extension of brain tissue)

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Pituitary gland histology:

The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) contains ______ _____\_cells typical of an endocrine gland.

The Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) contains ______ _____\_

Pituitary gland histology:

The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) contains Cuboidal Epithelial cells typical of an endocrine gland.

The Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) contains Nerve Terminals

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Which lobe of the pituitary gland contains cuboidal epithelial cells typical of an endocrine gland?

The anterior (adenohypophysis) lobe

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What 7 hormones are released by the Anterior (adenohypophysis) lobe of the pituitary gland?

From the Pars Distallis:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

From the Pars Intermedia:

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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Which two hormones are released from the posterior (neurohypophysis) lobe of the pituitary gland?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OXT)

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Label the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

(hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system = system of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary)

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Which hormone stimulates body growth and metabolism?

Is it an anterior or posterior pituitary hormone?

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

Anterior Pituitary Hormone

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Which hormone controls thyroid gland function?

Is it an Anterior or posterior pituitary hormone?

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Anterior Pituitary Hormone

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Which two hormones control the secretion of sex hormones and the production of gametes (and as such are very important in terms of the reproductive system and are key for the menstrual cycle)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

These are anterior pituitary hormones

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Which hormone stimulates milk production?

Is it an anterior or posterior pituitary hormone?

Prolactin (Prl)

Anterior Pituitary Hormone

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Which hormone controls hormone secretion by the adrenal cortex?

Is this an anterior or posterior pituitary hormone?

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Anterior pituitary hormone

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Which hormone stimulates melanin secretion?

Is this an anterior or posterior pituitary hormone?

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Anterior pituitary hormone

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The posterior lobe bypasses what area between the hypothalamus and the pituitary?

Primary capillary plexus

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The ___________ runs from the hypothalamus to the neurohypophysis pituitary gland

The hypothalamohypophyseal tract runs from the hypothalamus to the neurohypophysis pituitary gland

The neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus have axons that extend from the hypothalamus to the ________ and bypasses the _______

The neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus have axons that extend from the hypothalamus to the capillary plexus of neurohypophysis and bypasses the primary capillary plexus

What hormone

regulates the concentration of urine
functions in regulation of blood pressure

Vasopressin (aka Antiduretic Hormone ADH)

What produces vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone)?

By neurons of the supraoptic nucleus

What hormone has the following functions:

stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth
stimulates release of milk from mammary glands

love and labor

Oxytocin

What produces oxytocin?

Neurons of paraventricular nucleus

Pituitary to the Adrenal glands is called the:

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal-Axis

Describe the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis:

Use the fill-in-the-blanks ONLY until you are comfortable recalling 100%

In the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis, some of the neurosecretory cells produce ________ and release it into the primary capillary plexus. It travels through the ______ veins into the secondary capillary plexus where it stimulates some of the glandular cells to produce ______ which travels out through the efferent veins into the circulatory system and makes its way to the _____\_ glands

In the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis, some of the neurosecretory cells produce corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released into the primary capillary plexus, travels through the portal veins into the secondary capillary plexus where it stimulates some of the glandular cells to produce Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) which travels out through the efferent veins into the circulatory system and makes its way to the Adrenal glands

There is a layer of _____ between the adrenal glands and the Kidneys

Fascia

The cortex of the adrenal glands stores ______ and \_\_\_\_\_

The cortex of the adrenal glands stores _cholesterol_ and _fatty acids_

Why does the cortex of the adrenal gland store cholesterol and fatty acid?

To use in the synthesis of \>24 **steroid** hormones (corticosteroids) -steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol

What are the 3 layers of the Adrenal Cortex of the Adrenal Gland?

From most superficial to deepest: 1. Zona Glomerulosa 2. Zona Fasciculata (fibrous/fascicles) 3. Zona Reticularis ("network")

The ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) produced in the anterior pituitary has what effect in the Adrenal Cortex?

ACTH stimulates cells in the Zona fasciculata - produces the GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Cells of the Zona Fasciculata of the Adrenal Cortex produce ______ after being stimulated by \_\_\_\_\_\_

Cells of the Zona Fasciculata of the Adrenal Cortex produce _Glucocorticoids_ after being stimulated by _ACTH (from the anterior pituitary)_

What is the function of glucocorticoids? Where are they produced? Provide an example of a glucocorticoid.

Glucocorticoids control a number of physiological functions for both resting homeostasis and in response to stress (eg **glucose metabolism**) * also used for immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties (some drugs are derivatives of glucocorticoids) Produced by the Zona Fasciculata (middle layer of Adrenal cortex) Eg: Cortisol

The zona Glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces which class of steroid hormones?

Mineralcorticoids

What are the mineralocorticoid hormones important for? Where are they produced? Provide an example.

* Mineralocorticoids control electrolyte balance * increases renal absorption of Na⁺ and H₂O * Decreases renal absorption of K⁺ * Produced by cells of the Zona Glomerulosa of the Adrenal Cortex * Eg: Aldosterone

What class of steroid hormones are produced by the Zona reticularis of the Adrenal Cortex?

Androgens

What are Androgens important for? Where are they produced?

* Androgens are sex hormones * stimulate hair growth in axillary and pubic regions * The zona reticularis is an important source of androgens in adult females * Produced by cells of the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

Post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system that act on the adrenal medulla are essentially what?

The **Chromaffin** cells of the adrenal medulla

What type of cells are the Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla? What are they equivalent to?

Neuroendocrine cells * equivalent to **postganglionic sympathetic neurons**

The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla release \_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_) into the blood providing a ______ response to \_\_\_\_\_

The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla release _adrenaline/noradrenaline (epinephrine/norepinephrine)_ into the blood providing a _FAST_ response to _stress_

What are epinephrine and norepinephrine important for? From where are they released?

* Important functions in fight or flight (sympathetic response) * Increase cardiac output * increase blood pressure * increase blood glucose * effect release of lipids from adipose tissue * Released by Chromaffin cells in the Adrenal Medulla

In terms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis, what produces a fast response to stress and what produces a chronic (prolonged) response to stress?

1. Nerve impulse from hypothalamus to spinal cord synapses on cell body of preganglionic neuron - preganglionic sympathetic fibres carry response to adrenal medulla - stimulates Chromaffin Cells (neurosecretory cells) of Adrenal Medulla to release Epinephrine/Norepinephrine into the blood = **Fast Response** 2. Hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release corticotropin-releasing hormone into the primary capillary plexus -\> portal vein -\> Secondary capillary plexus of anterior pituitary -\> stimulates release of ACTH into the blood. * ACTH travels to the Adrenal Cortex where it stimulates cells of the **zona fasciculata** to release **glucocorticoids** = CHRONIC STRESS RESPONSE