Blood and Lymph Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two components of blood?
A
- Formed elements
- Plasma (which forms the Fluid matrix)
2
Q
What two components of lymph?
A
- lymphocytes
- lymph fluid
3
Q
What is lymph fluid?
A
A dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid
4
Q
Blood:
- Distributes ______, _______ and _____ to body cells
- Carries _____ ______ away from cells - primarily to the kidney for excretion
- Carries _____ ______ away from tissues to the lungs
- Transports cells of the _____ _____ that provide protection against infection and disease
A
Blood:
- Distributes nutrients, oxygen and hormones to body cells
- Carries metabolic wastes away from cells - primarily to the kidney for excretion
- Carries carbon dioxide away from tissues to the lungs
- Transports cells of the immune system that provide protection against infection and disease
5
Q
On average people have about _____L of blood (little less for females a little more for males)
A
On average people have about 5 of blood (little less for females a little more for males)
6
Q
A person with a normal volume of blood would be considered:
A
Normovolemic
7
Q
What does hypovolemic mean?
A
Less blood than normal (usually from excessive blood loss)
8
Q
What is hypervolemic and what could be the cause?
A
Too much blood in the body = starts accumulating in other tissues
Usually from excess Na
9
Q
What is the standard pH and temperature of blood?
A
pH: 7.35 - 7.45
Temp: 38C
10
Q
Plasma tends to make up about __% of blood
About __% of blood is the formed elements
Less than 1% of blood is from:
A
Plasma tends to make up about 55% of blood
About 45% of blood is the formed elements
Less than 1% of blood is from: Buffy Coat: leukocytes and platelets
11
Q
What is plasma made of?
A
- Plasma proteins:
- Albumins
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
- Regulatory proteins
- Electrolytes
- Organic nutrients
- Organic wastes
12
Q
What are the formed elements in blood?
A
- primarily red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- WBC (leukocytes)
- Platelets
13
Q
What are five white blood cells in blood?
A
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
14
Q
Which WBC destroys bacteria?
A
Neutrophils
15
Q
Which white blood cell type is anti-parasitic and acts in allergic response?
A
Eosinophils
16
Q
Which WBC acts mainly for inflammatory response?
A
Basophils
17
Q
Which WBC becomes macrophages?
A
Monocytes
18
Q
Which WBC is mainly active in immune response?
A
Lymphocytes
19
Q
Platelets function in what process?
A
clotting
20
Q
What cell is being described:
- Sheds organelles (included nucleus) during development
- Bioconcave disc-shaped
- Transports gases
A
Red blood cells
21
Q
The shape of red blood cells allows what?
A
Flexible and strong - allows for flowing through small vessels (capillaries)
22
Q
- Platelets are formed from large stem cells called in the and _______\_
- Platelets are membrane-bound enzyme packets that pinch off from the ______\_of the ______\_
A
- Platelets are formed from large stem cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow and lung
- Platelets are membrane-bound enzyme packets that pinch off from the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte
23
Q
What are the three layers of blood vessels:
A
Inner: intima
Middle: Media
Outer: Adventitia
24
Q
The adventitia layer of blood vessels is composed of what?
Functions to:
A
Connective tissue
Attaches vessel to surrounding connective tissue
25
What is the innter "media" of blood vessels composed of?
Elastic fibers and smooth muscle
26
What is the intima composed of?
Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and thin layer of connective tissue (underlying - basement membrane)
27
Which layer is largest in arteries and which Is the largest in veins?
Arteries: thicker media layer = lots of smooth muscle (constrict and dilate)
Veins: Adventitia = simply because the media is smaller (still have one, just not as thick as in arteries)
28
In arteries, the media is separated from the adventitia by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a band of elastic tissue
In arteries, the media is separated from the adventitia by the _external elastic membrane_, a band of elastic tissue
29
Between the intima and the media of arteries is a network of elastic fibres called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Between the intima and the media of arteries is a network of elastic fibres called the _internal elastic membrane_
30
Media of Elastic (conductive) arteries (ie aorta/brachiocephalic) contains a high density of _____ fibers, not so much smooth muscle
- ____ and ____ in response to pumping heart
- even out _____ surges
Media of arteries contains a high density of _elastic_ fibers, not so much smooth muscle
- _stretch_ and _recoil_ in response to pumping heart
- even out _pressure_ surges
31
The muscular (distributing) arteries distribute blood to \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Media contains predominantly \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Able to ______ (close) and ______ (open)
The muscular (distributing) arteries distribute blood to _skeletal muscles and internal organs_
* Media contains predominantly _smooth muscle_
* Able to _vasoconstrict_ (close) and _vasodilate_ (open)
32
Arterioles have a poorly defined \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Media composed of scattered _______ cells
* Deliver blood to the \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Change in _____ regulates blood pressure
Arterioles have a poorly defined _adventitia_
* Media composed of scattered _smooth muscle_ cells
* Deliver blood to the _capillaries_
* Change in _luminal diameter_ regulates blood pressure
33
Which vessels connect arterioles to venules?
Capillaries
34
Capillaries have an _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Mediate exchange between _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Capillaries have an _endothelium and basement membrane_
Mediate exchange between _blood_ and _surrounding tissues_
35
What are the four types of capillaries? (provide an example of where they might be found)
1. continuous (eg muscle)
2. fenestrated (eg kidney)
3. discontinuous (eg liver)
4. Sinusoids (eg liver, spleen and bone marrow)
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are expanded capillaries in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.
They are fenestrated, discontinuous and have an incomplete basement membrane
_sinusoids_ are expanded capillaries in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.
They are fenestrated, discontinuous and have an incomplete basement membrane
37
What structure controls blood flow through the capillaries?
Precapillary sphincters
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_ connect arterioles to capillaries
-when spincters are closes, they shunt blood to venules via _____ channels
Metarterioles
-when spincters are closes, they shunt blood to venules via _throughfare_ channels
39
\_\_\_\_\_ contain about 65-70% of the blood in the body
_veins_ contain about 65-70% of the blood in the body
40
Veins have a larger capacity to stretch than arteries and can therefore act as a ?
Blood reserve
41
The wall of venules is composed primarily of \_\_\_\_
intima
42
There are medium and large veins which each have slender _____ (layer) with the ______ being the thickest layer
There are medium and large veins which each have slender _media_ (layer) with the _adventitia_ being the thickest layer
43
What feature of veins prevents the backflow of blood in arms and legs?
Valves
44
Name the arteries of the thorax in the image
45
Right brachiocephalic artery goes into the:
Right common carotid and the right subclavian artery
46
_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ are the primary blood supply to the brain
_Internal carotid arteries_ are the primary blood supply to the brain
47
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ supply the neck and face
_External carotid arteries_ supply the neck and face
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (swollen region at base of internal carotid) contains baroreceptors that measure \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
_Carotid sinus_ (swollen region at base of internal carotid) contains baroreceptors that measure _blood pressure_
49
Along with the carotid arteries, what other arteries supply the brain? Can they make up for a blocked carotid?
Vertebral arteries
No, they tend to supply different areas of the brain
50
The subclavian emerges from the _____ (right) and _____ (left) and travels under the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The subclavian emerges from the _aorta_ (right) and _brachiocephalic artery_ (left) and travels under the _clavicle_
51
The subclavian becomes the ______ artery (armpit) and _____ artery (arm)
The subclavian becomes the _axillary_ artery (armpit) and _brachial_ artery (arm)
52
The axillary artery passes through the \_\_\_\_\_\_
The axillary artery passes through the _armpit_
53
The brachial artery travels through the ______ until branches into _____ and ____ arteries
The brachial artery travels through the _upper limb_ until branches into _radial_ and _ulnar_ arteries
54
What is an anastomosis?
Two blood vessels fusing together
55
The descending aorta divides into the _____ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ ____ \_\_\_\_\_
The descending aorta divides into the _left_ and _right common iliac arteries_
56
The left and Right common iliac arteries each divide into _____ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
The left and right common iliac arteries each divide into _external_ and _internal iliac arteries_
57
Internal iliac arteries supply :
Pelvic viscera
58
The external iliac artery becomes \_\_\_\_\_artery when it passes below the ______ ligament
The external iliac artery becomes _femoral_ artery when it passes below the _inguinal_ ligament
59
Veins trace similar paths to arteries and typically have the same name - however some exceptions:
* Veins that collect blood from the head are:
* Veins that collect blood from the arms are the:
Veins trace similar paths to arteries and typically have the same name - however some exceptions:
* Veins that collect blood from the head are: Jugular veins (primarily internal jugular)
* Veins that collect blood from the arms are the: Subclavian veins
60
The jugular veins and the subclavian veins become the:
Brachiocephalic Vein
61
The left and right brachiocephalic veins meet at the \_\_\_\_\_
Superior Vena Cava
62
The _\_\_\_\_\__ trunk supplies the foregut (stomach and first part of duodenum)
The _celiac_ trunk supplies the foregut (stomach and first part of duodenum)
63
Trace the path of blood from the lower limbs to the heart
\*Femoral veins
Common iliac veins
\*renal veins
Inferior vena cava
64
All blood returning from the abdominal GI system is directed into the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_, which distributes it to the liver for processing before the blood can enter into general circulation
All blood returning from the abdominal GI system is directed into the _hepatic portal vein_, which distributes it to the liver for processing before the blood can enter into general circulation
65
What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?
1. Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes
2. Assist with maintaining normal blood volume
3. Alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste
66
Which molecule from the digestive tract will enter the bloodstream through the lymphatic lacteals rather than the capillaries?
Lipids- typically to big to fit in capillaries
67
What are the lymphatic organs?
Bone marrow
thymus
lymph nodes
spleen
68
What is lymphatic tissue? provide two examples
Connective tissue network containing dense aggregates of lymphocytes
No capsule
eg tonsils, lining of appendix
69
By which mechanism does lymph flow
Passively along a pressure gradient
70
Lymphatic vessels are intertwined with capillaries where they _____ through ____ between overlapping endothelial cells
Lymphatic vessels are intertwined with capillaries where they _absorb excess fluid from capillaries_ through _gaps_ between overlapping endothelial cells
71
Like veins, lymphatic vessels have \_\_\_\_
valves
72
Lymphatic ducts collect ____ and empty it into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lymphatic ducts collect _lymph_ and empty it into _large thoracic veins_
73
Unlike veins, the valves in lymphatic vessels cause:
bulges - looks like beads on a string
74
The thoracic duct collects fluid from the _\_\_\_\_\_\__ and dumps it into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The thoracic duct collects fluid from the pelvis, abdomen lower chest and dumps it into the _Left subclavian vein_
75
The upper right part of the body drains fluid into the:
Right lymphatic duct and drains into the right subclavian drain
76
The lymphatic system has cells called \_\_\_\_\_\_, which are a subclass of WBC
Lymphocytes
77
What are the three lymphocytes?
(natural killer) NK cells
B cells
Mature T-cells
78
All three types of lymphocytes come from \_\_\_\_\_\_
Hematopoietic stem cells
79
NK cells and B cells mature in the \_\_\_\_\_\_; T cells mature in the \_\_\_\_\_\_
NK cells and B cells mature in the _Red bone marrow_ ; T cells mature in the _thymus_
80
Lymphatic organs are discrete structures enclosed by a _____ \_\_\_\_\_ ____ capsule
Lymphatic organs are discrete structures enclosed by a _fibrous connective tissue_ capsule
81
What is the function of the primary lymphatic organs and provide two examples
Produce, maintain and store lymphocytes
eg bone marrow and thymus gland
82
What are the secondary (peripheral) structures of the lymphatic system?
Where most immune responses are initiated
eg spleen and lymph nodes
83
Where is the thymus gland found
In the superior mediastinum posterior to the manubrium
84
The thymus gland is the source of \_\_\_\_\_\_
T lymphocytes (where they differentiate, mature and proliferate)
85
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
Spleen
86
What lymphatic organ would you find in the upper left quadrant of abdomen against posterior body wall?
Spleen
87
What does the spleen do?
* Filters the blood, removing abnormal blood cells via phagocytosis
* Stores iron recycled from metabolized RBCs
* Initiates immune response by B and T cells
88
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Where would you find them
* To filter the lymph - removing 99% of antigens
* Enlarge due to inflammation or infection
Base of the neck. axillae (armpits), groin
89
How do lymphoid tissues differ to lymphoid organs?
Lack the capsule
90
What are lymphoid tissues?
Connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes
91
What are lymphoid nodules?
Aggregations of densely packed lymphocytes supported by dense reticular fibres
