Blood and Lymph Flashcards
What are the two components of blood?
- Formed elements
- Plasma (which forms the Fluid matrix)
What two components of lymph?
- lymphocytes
- lymph fluid
What is lymph fluid?
A dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid
Blood:
- Distributes ______, _______ and _____ to body cells
- Carries _____ ______ away from cells - primarily to the kidney for excretion
- Carries _____ ______ away from tissues to the lungs
- Transports cells of the _____ _____ that provide protection against infection and disease
Blood:
- Distributes nutrients, oxygen and hormones to body cells
- Carries metabolic wastes away from cells - primarily to the kidney for excretion
- Carries carbon dioxide away from tissues to the lungs
- Transports cells of the immune system that provide protection against infection and disease
On average people have about _____L of blood (little less for females a little more for males)
On average people have about 5 of blood (little less for females a little more for males)
A person with a normal volume of blood would be considered:
Normovolemic
What does hypovolemic mean?
Less blood than normal (usually from excessive blood loss)
What is hypervolemic and what could be the cause?
Too much blood in the body = starts accumulating in other tissues
Usually from excess Na
What is the standard pH and temperature of blood?
pH: 7.35 - 7.45
Temp: 38C
Plasma tends to make up about __% of blood
About __% of blood is the formed elements
Less than 1% of blood is from:
Plasma tends to make up about 55% of blood
About 45% of blood is the formed elements
Less than 1% of blood is from: Buffy Coat: leukocytes and platelets
What is plasma made of?
- Plasma proteins:
- Albumins
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
- Regulatory proteins
- Electrolytes
- Organic nutrients
- Organic wastes
What are the formed elements in blood?
- primarily red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- WBC (leukocytes)
- Platelets
What are five white blood cells in blood?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
Which WBC destroys bacteria?
Neutrophils
Which white blood cell type is anti-parasitic and acts in allergic response?
Eosinophils
Which WBC acts mainly for inflammatory response?
Basophils
Which WBC becomes macrophages?
Monocytes
Which WBC is mainly active in immune response?
Lymphocytes
Platelets function in what process?
clotting
What cell is being described:
- Sheds organelles (included nucleus) during development
- Bioconcave disc-shaped
- Transports gases
Red blood cells
The shape of red blood cells allows what?
Flexible and strong - allows for flowing through small vessels (capillaries)
- Platelets are formed from large stem cells called in the and _______\_
- Platelets are membrane-bound enzyme packets that pinch off from the ______\_of the ______\_
- Platelets are formed from large stem cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow and lung
- Platelets are membrane-bound enzyme packets that pinch off from the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte
What are the three layers of blood vessels:
Inner: intima
Middle: Media
Outer: Adventitia
The adventitia layer of blood vessels is composed of what?
Functions to:
Connective tissue
Attaches vessel to surrounding connective tissue
What is the innter “media” of blood vessels composed of?
Elastic fibers and smooth muscle
What is the intima composed of?
Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and thin layer of connective tissue (underlying - basement membrane)
Which layer is largest in arteries and which Is the largest in veins?
Arteries: thicker media layer = lots of smooth muscle (constrict and dilate)
Veins: Adventitia = simply because the media is smaller (still have one, just not as thick as in arteries)
In arteries, the media is separated from the adventitia by the _________, a band of elastic tissue
In arteries, the media is separated from the adventitia by the external elastic membrane, a band of elastic tissue
Between the intima and the media of arteries is a network of elastic fibres called the _______
Between the intima and the media of arteries is a network of elastic fibres called the internal elastic membrane
Media of Elastic (conductive) arteries (ie aorta/brachiocephalic) contains a high density of _____ fibers, not so much smooth muscle
- ____ and ____ in response to pumping heart
- even out _____ surges
Media of arteries contains a high density of elastic fibers, not so much smooth muscle
- stretch and recoil in response to pumping heart
- even out pressure surges
The muscular (distributing) arteries distribute blood to ______
- Media contains predominantly _______
- Able to ______ (close) and ______ (open)
The muscular (distributing) arteries distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs
- Media contains predominantly smooth muscle
- Able to vasoconstrict (close) and vasodilate (open)
Arterioles have a poorly defined ______
- Media composed of scattered _______ cells
- Deliver blood to the ______
- Change in _____ regulates blood pressure
Arterioles have a poorly defined adventitia
- Media composed of scattered smooth muscle cells
- Deliver blood to the capillaries
- Change in luminal diameter regulates blood pressure
Which vessels connect arterioles to venules?
Capillaries
Capillaries have an _____ and ______
Mediate exchange between _____ and ________
Capillaries have an endothelium and basement membrane
Mediate exchange between blood and surrounding tissues
What are the four types of capillaries? (provide an example of where they might be found)
- continuous (eg muscle)
- fenestrated (eg kidney)
- discontinuous (eg liver)
- Sinusoids (eg liver, spleen and bone marrow)
_______ are expanded capillaries in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.
They are fenestrated, discontinuous and have an incomplete basement membrane
sinusoids are expanded capillaries in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.
They are fenestrated, discontinuous and have an incomplete basement membrane
What structure controls blood flow through the capillaries?
Precapillary sphincters
______ connect arterioles to capillaries
-when spincters are closes, they shunt blood to venules via _____ channels
Metarterioles
-when spincters are closes, they shunt blood to venules via throughfare channels
_____ contain about 65-70% of the blood in the body
veins contain about 65-70% of the blood in the body
Veins have a larger capacity to stretch than arteries and can therefore act as a ?
Blood reserve
The wall of venules is composed primarily of ____
intima
There are medium and large veins which each have slender _____ (layer) with the ______ being the thickest layer
There are medium and large veins which each have slender media (layer) with the adventitia being the thickest layer
What feature of veins prevents the backflow of blood in arms and legs?
Valves
Name the arteries of the thorax in the image
Right brachiocephalic artery goes into the:
Right common carotid and the right subclavian artery
_______\_ are the primary blood supply to the brain
Internal carotid arteries are the primary blood supply to the brain
__________ supply the neck and face
External carotid arteries supply the neck and face
_______ (swollen region at base of internal carotid) contains baroreceptors that measure __________
Carotid sinus (swollen region at base of internal carotid) contains baroreceptors that measure blood pressure
Along with the carotid arteries, what other arteries supply the brain? Can they make up for a blocked carotid?
Vertebral arteries
No, they tend to supply different areas of the brain
The subclavian emerges from the _____ (right) and _____ (left) and travels under the _______
The subclavian emerges from the aorta (right) and brachiocephalic artery (left) and travels under the clavicle
The subclavian becomes the ______ artery (armpit) and _____ artery (arm)
The subclavian becomes the axillary artery (armpit) and brachial artery (arm)
The axillary artery passes through the ______
The axillary artery passes through the armpit
The brachial artery travels through the ______ until branches into _____ and ____ arteries
The brachial artery travels through the upper limb until branches into radial and ulnar arteries
What is an anastomosis?
Two blood vessels fusing together
The descending aorta divides into the _____ and _____ ______ ____ _____
The descending aorta divides into the left and right common iliac arteries
The left and Right common iliac arteries each divide into _____ and _____ _____ ______
The left and right common iliac arteries each divide into external and internal iliac arteries
Internal iliac arteries supply :
Pelvic viscera
The external iliac artery becomes _____artery when it passes below the ______ ligament
The external iliac artery becomes femoral artery when it passes below the inguinal ligament
Veins trace similar paths to arteries and typically have the same name - however some exceptions:
- Veins that collect blood from the head are:
- Veins that collect blood from the arms are the:
Veins trace similar paths to arteries and typically have the same name - however some exceptions:
- Veins that collect blood from the head are: Jugular veins (primarily internal jugular)
- Veins that collect blood from the arms are the: Subclavian veins
The jugular veins and the subclavian veins become the:
Brachiocephalic Vein
The left and right brachiocephalic veins meet at the _____
Superior Vena Cava
The ____\_ trunk supplies the foregut (stomach and first part of duodenum)
The celiac trunk supplies the foregut (stomach and first part of duodenum)
Trace the path of blood from the lower limbs to the heart
*Femoral veins
Common iliac veins
*renal veins
Inferior vena cava
All blood returning from the abdominal GI system is directed into the _____ _____ _____, which distributes it to the liver for processing before the blood can enter into general circulation
All blood returning from the abdominal GI system is directed into the hepatic portal vein, which distributes it to the liver for processing before the blood can enter into general circulation
What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?
- Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes
- Assist with maintaining normal blood volume
- Alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste
Which molecule from the digestive tract will enter the bloodstream through the lymphatic lacteals rather than the capillaries?
Lipids- typically to big to fit in capillaries
What are the lymphatic organs?
Bone marrow
thymus
lymph nodes
spleen
What is lymphatic tissue? provide two examples
Connective tissue network containing dense aggregates of lymphocytes
No capsule
eg tonsils, lining of appendix
By which mechanism does lymph flow
Passively along a pressure gradient
Lymphatic vessels are intertwined with capillaries where they _____ through ____ between overlapping endothelial cells
Lymphatic vessels are intertwined with capillaries where they absorb excess fluid from capillaries through gaps between overlapping endothelial cells
Like veins, lymphatic vessels have ____
valves
Lymphatic ducts collect ____ and empty it into _______
Lymphatic ducts collect lymph and empty it into large thoracic veins
Unlike veins, the valves in lymphatic vessels cause:
bulges - looks like beads on a string
The thoracic duct collects fluid from the _____\_ and dumps it into the _________
The thoracic duct collects fluid from the pelvis, abdomen lower chest and dumps it into the Left subclavian vein
The upper right part of the body drains fluid into the:
Right lymphatic duct and drains into the right subclavian drain
The lymphatic system has cells called ______, which are a subclass of WBC
Lymphocytes
What are the three lymphocytes?
(natural killer) NK cells
B cells
Mature T-cells
All three types of lymphocytes come from ______
Hematopoietic stem cells
NK cells and B cells mature in the ______; T cells mature in the ______
NK cells and B cells mature in the Red bone marrow ; T cells mature in the thymus
Lymphatic organs are discrete structures enclosed by a _____ _____ ____ capsule
Lymphatic organs are discrete structures enclosed by a fibrous connective tissue capsule
What is the function of the primary lymphatic organs and provide two examples
Produce, maintain and store lymphocytes
eg bone marrow and thymus gland
What are the secondary (peripheral) structures of the lymphatic system?
Where most immune responses are initiated
eg spleen and lymph nodes
Where is the thymus gland found
In the superior mediastinum posterior to the manubrium
The thymus gland is the source of ______
T lymphocytes (where they differentiate, mature and proliferate)
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
Spleen
What lymphatic organ would you find in the upper left quadrant of abdomen against posterior body wall?
Spleen
What does the spleen do?
- Filters the blood, removing abnormal blood cells via phagocytosis
- Stores iron recycled from metabolized RBCs
- Initiates immune response by B and T cells
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Where would you find them
- To filter the lymph - removing 99% of antigens
- Enlarge due to inflammation or infection
Base of the neck. axillae (armpits), groin
How do lymphoid tissues differ to lymphoid organs?
Lack the capsule
What are lymphoid tissues?
Connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes
What are lymphoid nodules?
Aggregations of densely packed lymphocytes supported by dense reticular fibres
