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ANAT 200 > Blood and Lymph > Flashcards

Blood and Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A
  1. Formed elements
  2. Plasma (which forms the Fluid matrix)
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2
Q

What two components of lymph?

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. lymph fluid
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3
Q

What is lymph fluid?

A

A dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid

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4
Q

Blood:

  • Distributes ______, _______ and _____ to body cells
  • Carries _____ ______ away from cells - primarily to the kidney for excretion
  • Carries _____ ______ away from tissues to the lungs
  • Transports cells of the _____ _____ that provide protection against infection and disease
A

Blood:

  • Distributes nutrients, oxygen and hormones to body cells
  • Carries metabolic wastes away from cells - primarily to the kidney for excretion
  • Carries carbon dioxide away from tissues to the lungs
  • Transports cells of the immune system that provide protection against infection and disease
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5
Q

On average people have about _____L of blood (little less for females a little more for males)

A

On average people have about 5 of blood (little less for females a little more for males)

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6
Q

A person with a normal volume of blood would be considered:

A

Normovolemic

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7
Q

What does hypovolemic mean?

A

Less blood than normal (usually from excessive blood loss)

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8
Q

What is hypervolemic and what could be the cause?

A

Too much blood in the body = starts accumulating in other tissues

Usually from excess Na

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9
Q

What is the standard pH and temperature of blood?

A

pH: 7.35 - 7.45

Temp: 38C

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10
Q

Plasma tends to make up about __% of blood

About __% of blood is the formed elements

Less than 1% of blood is from:

A

Plasma tends to make up about 55% of blood

About 45% of blood is the formed elements

Less than 1% of blood is from: Buffy Coat: leukocytes and platelets

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11
Q

What is plasma made of?

A
  • Plasma proteins:
    • Albumins
    • Globulins
    • Fibrinogen
    • Regulatory proteins
  • Electrolytes
  • Organic nutrients
  • Organic wastes
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12
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A
  • primarily red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • WBC (leukocytes)
  • Platelets
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13
Q

What are five white blood cells in blood?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. Lymphocytes
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14
Q

Which WBC destroys bacteria?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

Which white blood cell type is anti-parasitic and acts in allergic response?

A

Eosinophils

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16
Q

Which WBC acts mainly for inflammatory response?

A

Basophils

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17
Q

Which WBC becomes macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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18
Q

Which WBC is mainly active in immune response?

A

Lymphocytes

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19
Q

Platelets function in what process?

A

clotting

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20
Q

What cell is being described:

  • Sheds organelles (included nucleus) during development
  • Bioconcave disc-shaped
  • Transports gases
A

Red blood cells

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21
Q

The shape of red blood cells allows what?

A

Flexible and strong - allows for flowing through small vessels (capillaries)

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22
Q
  • Platelets are formed from large stem cells called in the and _______\_
  • Platelets are membrane-bound enzyme packets that pinch off from the ______\_of the ______\_
A
  • Platelets are formed from large stem cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow and lung
  • Platelets are membrane-bound enzyme packets that pinch off from the cytoplasm of the ​megakaryocyte
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23
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels:

A

Inner: intima

Middle: Media

Outer: Adventitia

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24
Q

The adventitia layer of blood vessels is composed of what?

Functions to:

A

Connective tissue

Attaches vessel to surrounding connective tissue

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25
Q

What is the innter “media” of blood vessels composed of?

A

Elastic fibers and smooth muscle

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26
Q

What is the intima composed of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and thin layer of connective tissue (underlying - basement membrane)

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27
Q

Which layer is largest in arteries and which Is the largest in veins?

A

Arteries: thicker media layer = lots of smooth muscle (constrict and dilate)

Veins: Adventitia = simply because the media is smaller (still have one, just not as thick as in arteries)

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28
Q

In arteries, the media is separated from the adventitia by the _________, a band of elastic tissue

A

In arteries, the media is separated from the adventitia by the external elastic membrane, a band of elastic tissue

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29
Q

Between the intima and the media of arteries is a network of elastic fibres called the _______

A

Between the intima and the media of arteries is a network of elastic fibres called the internal elastic membrane

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30
Q

Media of Elastic (conductive) arteries (ie aorta/brachiocephalic) contains a high density of _____ fibers, not so much smooth muscle

  • ____ and ____ in response to pumping heart
  • even out _____ surges
A

Media of arteries contains a high density of elastic fibers, not so much smooth muscle

  • stretch and recoil in response to pumping heart
  • even out pressure surges
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31
Q

The muscular (distributing) arteries distribute blood to ______

  • Media contains predominantly _______
  • Able to ______ (close) and ______ (open)
A

The muscular (distributing) arteries distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs

  • Media contains predominantly smooth muscle
  • Able to vasoconstrict (close) and vasodilate (open)
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32
Q

Arterioles have a poorly defined ______

  • Media composed of scattered _______ cells
  • Deliver blood to the ______
  • Change in _____ regulates blood pressure
A

Arterioles have a poorly defined adventitia

  • Media composed of scattered smooth muscle cells
  • Deliver blood to the capillaries
  • Change in luminal diameter regulates blood pressure
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33
Q

Which vessels connect arterioles to venules?

A

Capillaries

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34
Q

Capillaries have an _____ and ______

Mediate exchange between _____ and ________

A

Capillaries have an endothelium and basement membrane

Mediate exchange between blood and surrounding tissues

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35
Q

What are the four types of capillaries? (provide an example of where they might be found)

A
  1. continuous (eg muscle)
  2. fenestrated (eg kidney)
  3. discontinuous (eg liver)
  4. Sinusoids (eg liver, spleen and bone marrow)
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36
Q

_______ are expanded capillaries in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.

They are fenestrated, discontinuous and have an incomplete basement membrane

A

sinusoids are expanded capillaries in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.

They are fenestrated, discontinuous and have an incomplete basement membrane

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37
Q

What structure controls blood flow through the capillaries?

A

Precapillary sphincters

38
Q

______ connect arterioles to capillaries

-when spincters are closes, they shunt blood to venules via _____ channels

A

Metarterioles

-when spincters are closes, they shunt blood to venules via throughfare channels

39
Q

_____ contain about 65-70% of the blood in the body

A

veins contain about 65-70% of the blood in the body

40
Q

Veins have a larger capacity to stretch than arteries and can therefore act as a ?

A

Blood reserve

41
Q

The wall of venules is composed primarily of ____

A

intima

42
Q

There are medium and large veins which each have slender _____ (layer) with the ______ being the thickest layer

A

There are medium and large veins which each have slender media (layer) with the adventitia being the thickest layer

43
Q

What feature of veins prevents the backflow of blood in arms and legs?

A

Valves

44
Q

Name the arteries of the thorax in the image

A
45
Q

Right brachiocephalic artery goes into the:

A

Right common carotid and the right subclavian artery

46
Q

_______\_ are the primary blood supply to the brain

A

Internal carotid arteries are the primary blood supply to the brain

47
Q

__________ supply the neck and face

A

External carotid arteries supply the neck and face

48
Q

_______ (swollen region at base of internal carotid) contains baroreceptors that measure __________

A

Carotid sinus (swollen region at base of internal carotid) contains baroreceptors that measure blood pressure

49
Q

Along with the carotid arteries, what other arteries supply the brain? Can they make up for a blocked carotid?

A

Vertebral arteries

No, they tend to supply different areas of the brain

50
Q

The subclavian emerges from the _____ (right) and _____ (left) and travels under the _______

A

The subclavian emerges from the aorta (right) and brachiocephalic artery (left) and travels under the clavicle

51
Q

The subclavian becomes the ______ artery (armpit) and _____ artery (arm)

A

The subclavian becomes the axillary artery (armpit) and brachial artery (arm)

52
Q

The axillary artery passes through the ______

A

The axillary artery passes through the armpit

53
Q

The brachial artery travels through the ______ until branches into _____ and ____ arteries

A

The brachial artery travels through the upper limb until branches into radial and ulnar arteries

54
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

Two blood vessels fusing together

55
Q

The descending aorta divides into the _____ and _____ ______ ____ _____

A

The descending aorta divides into the left and right common iliac arteries

56
Q

The left and Right common iliac arteries each divide into _____ and _____ _____ ______

A

The left and right common iliac arteries each divide into external and internal iliac arteries

57
Q

Internal iliac arteries supply :

A

Pelvic viscera

58
Q

The external iliac artery becomes _____artery when it passes below the ______ ligament

A

The external iliac artery becomes femoral artery when it passes below the inguinal ligament

59
Q

Veins trace similar paths to arteries and typically have the same name - however some exceptions:

  • Veins that collect blood from the head are:
  • Veins that collect blood from the arms are the:
A

Veins trace similar paths to arteries and typically have the same name - however some exceptions:

  • Veins that collect blood from the head are: Jugular veins (primarily internal jugular)
  • Veins that collect blood from the arms are the: Subclavian veins
60
Q

The jugular veins and the subclavian veins become the:

A

Brachiocephalic Vein

61
Q

The left and right brachiocephalic veins meet at the _____

A

Superior Vena Cava

62
Q

The ____\_ trunk supplies the foregut (stomach and first part of duodenum)

A

The celiac trunk supplies the foregut (stomach and first part of duodenum)

63
Q

Trace the path of blood from the lower limbs to the heart

A

*Femoral veins

Common iliac veins

*renal veins

Inferior vena cava

64
Q

All blood returning from the abdominal GI system is directed into the _____ _____ _____, which distributes it to the liver for processing before the blood can enter into general circulation

A

All blood returning from the abdominal GI system is directed into the hepatic portal vein, which distributes it to the liver for processing before the blood can enter into general circulation

65
Q

What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes
  2. Assist with maintaining normal blood volume
  3. Alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste
66
Q

Which molecule from the digestive tract will enter the bloodstream through the lymphatic lacteals rather than the capillaries?

A

Lipids- typically to big to fit in capillaries

67
Q

What are the lymphatic organs?

A

Bone marrow

thymus

lymph nodes

spleen

68
Q

What is lymphatic tissue? provide two examples

A

Connective tissue network containing dense aggregates of lymphocytes

No capsule

eg tonsils, lining of appendix

69
Q

By which mechanism does lymph flow

A

Passively along a pressure gradient

70
Q

Lymphatic vessels are intertwined with capillaries where they _____ through ____ between overlapping endothelial cells

A

Lymphatic vessels are intertwined with capillaries where they absorb excess fluid from capillaries through gaps between overlapping endothelial cells

71
Q

Like veins, lymphatic vessels have ____

A

valves

72
Q

Lymphatic ducts collect ____ and empty it into _______

A

Lymphatic ducts collect lymph and empty it into large thoracic veins

73
Q

Unlike veins, the valves in lymphatic vessels cause:

A

bulges - looks like beads on a string

74
Q

The thoracic duct collects fluid from the _____\_ and dumps it into the _________

A

The thoracic duct collects fluid from the pelvis, abdomen lower chest and dumps it into the Left subclavian vein

75
Q

The upper right part of the body drains fluid into the:

A

Right lymphatic duct and drains into the right subclavian drain

76
Q

The lymphatic system has cells called ______, which are a subclass of WBC

A

Lymphocytes

77
Q

What are the three lymphocytes?

A

(natural killer) NK cells

B cells

Mature T-cells

78
Q

All three types of lymphocytes come from ______

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

79
Q

NK cells and B cells mature in the ______; T cells mature in the ______

A

NK cells and B cells mature in the Red bone marrow ; T cells mature in the thymus

80
Q

Lymphatic organs are discrete structures enclosed by a _____ _____ ____ capsule

A

Lymphatic organs are discrete structures enclosed by a fibrous connective tissue capsule

81
Q

What is the function of the primary lymphatic organs and provide two examples

A

Produce, maintain and store lymphocytes

eg bone marrow and thymus gland

82
Q

What are the secondary (peripheral) structures of the lymphatic system?

A

Where most immune responses are initiated

eg spleen and lymph nodes

83
Q

Where is the thymus gland found

A

In the superior mediastinum posterior to the manubrium

84
Q

The thymus gland is the source of ______

A

T lymphocytes (where they differentiate, mature and proliferate)

85
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

Spleen

86
Q

What lymphatic organ would you find in the upper left quadrant of abdomen against posterior body wall?

A

Spleen

87
Q

What does the spleen do?

A
  • Filters the blood, removing abnormal blood cells via phagocytosis
  • Stores iron recycled from metabolized RBCs
  • Initiates immune response by B and T cells
88
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

Where would you find them

A
  • To filter the lymph - removing 99% of antigens
  • Enlarge due to inflammation or infection

Base of the neck. axillae (armpits), groin

89
Q

How do lymphoid tissues differ to lymphoid organs?

A

Lack the capsule

90
Q

What are lymphoid tissues?

A

Connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

91
Q

What are lymphoid nodules?

A

Aggregations of densely packed lymphocytes supported by dense reticular fibres

ANAT 200 (20 decks)

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