Endocrine System Live Lecture Flashcards
Which endocrine gland is shown in the image?
Pancreas
The pancreas, unlike the adrenal glands, is not under direct control of the ______
The pancreas, unlike the adrenal glands, is not under direct control of the pituitary gland
“self-regulated”
The pancreas is both an _____ and an ______ gland
Exocrine and endocrine gland
What is the difference in endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine- produce hormones that enter the circulatory system
Exocrine- produce secretions that go to an epithelial surface
The head of the pancreas is tucked into the bend of the ______ of the small intestine, and is attached to the __________wall
The head of the pancreas is tucked into the bend of the duodenum of the small intestine and is attached to the posterior abdominal wall
The clusters of endocrine tissue embedded within the exocrine tissue of the pancreas are called:
Islets of Langerhans
The alpha cell of the pacreatic islet secretes:
Alpha cells secrete glucagon
The beta cells of the pancreas secrete:
Insulin
The Delta cell of the pancreas secretes:
Somatostatin
What does glucagon do?
What produces glucagon?
- Functions:
- Stimulates glucose synthesis
- Elevates blood glucose
- Mobilizes lipid reserves
- Produced by:
- Alpha cells of the pancreas
What is the function of insulin?
What is it produced by?
- Functions
- Stimulates lipid and glycogen synthesis and storage
- Stimulates glucose uptake by cells
- Decreases blood glucose levels
- Produced by:
- Beta Cells of the pancreas
What is the function of somatostatin?
What is it produced by?
- Function:
- Inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin
- Produced by Delta Cells of the pancreas
What is diabetes mellitus?
Inability to produce or use insulin
- Elevation of blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
- Excretion of glucose in the urine
- Don’t make enough insulin = cells don’t take up glucose
- Cells don’t respond to insulin = don’t take up glucose
What is type I diabetes caused by?
Autoimmune:
- immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas
- can’t produce insulin
Insulin-dependent diabetes
What is Type II diabetes?
Combination of insulin-resistance and insulin-secretory defects
- Target cells become less sensitive to insulin
- due to downregulation of receptors
- Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
- Correlates with age and obesity
What glands are important in calcium regulation?
Parathyroid glands
Where would you find the parathyroid glands?
Posterior to the thyroid
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Calcium Regulation:
- Increases Calcium in body fluids
- Decreases Ca2+ deposition in bone
What is calcitonin?
Where is it produced?
- Calcitonin is a hormone produced by C-cells that reside in the thyroid
- Functions to:
- Decrease calcium in body fluids
- increase calcium deposition in bone
- (HAS OPPOSITE FUNCTIONS OF PARATHYROID HORMONE)
Where is the pineal gland?
What does it secrete?
Regulates the “_____”
- small midline structure at the posterior end of the 3rd ventricle
- Secretes Melatonin
- Regulates biological clock (sleep cycle)
What does the thymus gland secrete (aside from calcitonin)?
- Produces T-lymphocytes
- Secretes Thymic Hormones
What are the T-Lymphocytes?
Where are they produced?
Function in cell-mediated immunity
Produced by Thymus gland
What is the function of the thymic hormones?
Where are they secreted from?
- Promote proliferation and maturation of T-lymphocytes
- Secreted by Thymus Gland
The _____ lobe of the pituitary regulates the thyroid
Anterior lobe of the pituitary
Thyrotropin-releasing hormones are produced where? Go Where? And stimulate what?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormones are released from the hypothalamus into the primary capillary plexus -> travel through the portal vein -> stimulate anterior pituitary to release Thyroid Stimulating hormone which stimulates the production of the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by the thyroid gland
The gastrointestinal tract has more than _____ hormones which function in:
The gastrointestinal tract has more than 20 hormones which function in: Regulating activity of GI tract and digestive glands
What does erythropoietin do?
Where is it released from?
- Increases RBC production
- Released from kidneys
What does Renin do?
Where is renin produced?
Renin increases blood pressure.
Produced in the kidneys
What are two endocrine hormones produced in the kidney?
Erythropoietin - stimulates RBC production
Renin - increases blood pressure
What hormone is produced in the heart?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
-decreases blood pressure
What does Atrial natriuretic peptide do?
Where is it produced?
Decreases blood pressure
Produced in the heart
What do Leptins do?
Where are they produced?
Hormone that acts as an appetite suppressant
Produced by Adipose Tissue
