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ANAT 200 > Reproductive System (Male) > Flashcards

Reproductive System (Male) Flashcards

1
Q

Once the reproductive system becomes active (at puberty) it has a high impact on _______

A

Once the reproductive system becomes active (at puberty) it has a high impact on endocrine system

  • bone development
  • brain development
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2
Q

What are five functions of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. produce male gametes (spermatozoa)
  2. Produce sex hormones
    • testosterone
  3. Produce Seminal Fluid
  4. Temporary storage for spermatozoa
  5. Delivery of spermatozoa to the female repro tract
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3
Q

What organ produces the male gametes (sperm) and male sex hormone (testosterone)?

A

Testes

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4
Q

What are three functions of the ducts of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Sperm
  1. storage
  2. maturation
  3. transportation
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5
Q

Why are accessory glands of the male reproductive system important?

A
  • Produce majority of seminal fluid
  • Secretions function in maintenance maturation of sperm
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6
Q

Which organ:

  • is the male organ of copulation
  • common pathway for urine and semen
A

Penis

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7
Q

What separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity?

A

Parietal peritoneum - lies overtop all of the pelvic organs (urinary bladder, rectum, uterus)

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8
Q

What makes the floor and roof of the pelvis?

A

Roof = Parietal peritoneum

Floor = Levator ani mm

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9
Q

The male gonads, the ______ are found in the ______

A

The male gonads, the testis are found in the scrotum

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10
Q

Why are the male gonads (testis) found in the scrotum (“outside” of the body)?

A

Maintained at a lower temperature in order to produce sperm.

=external gonads

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11
Q

What is the first duct from the testis?

A

Epididymis (palpable structure)

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12
Q

From the epididymis, we have the _______ (tube) which goes from the scrotum into the pelvic cavity

A

From the epididymis, we have the Ductus (vas) deferens (tube) which goes from the scrotum into the pelvic cavity

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13
Q

The vas deferens goes from the external part of the body, into the pelvic cavity and behind the _______

A

The vas deferens goes from the external part of the body, into the pelvic cavity and behind the Urinary bladder (always retroperitoneal)

=External part of body has NO access to abdominal cavity

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14
Q

The ductus (vas) deferens goes behind the urinary bladder where it joins with the ______ (gland)

A

The ductus (vas) deferens goes behind the urinary bladder where it joins the seminal vesicle

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15
Q

Seminal vesicles on either side form with the ductus deferens and forms the ______ in the _______ (2nd gland)

A

Seminal vesicles on either side form with the ductus deferens and forms the ejaculatory duct in the prostate

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16
Q

From the prostate, we see a common passageway of both urine and semen (_______urethra)

A

From the prostate, we see a common passageway of both urine and semen (prostatic urethra)

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17
Q

The prostatic urethra becomes the short _______ urethra. Here we find the third gland of the male reproductive system, the _______

A

The prostatic urethra becomes the short membraneous urethra. Here we find the third gland of the male reproductive system, the bulbourethral gland

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18
Q

What is the bulbourethral gland important for?

A

Clearing the urethra of “old” urine

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19
Q

The membranous urethra becomes the _______ urethra

A

The membranous urethra becomes the penile urethra

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20
Q

What are the palpable points making the

  • anal triangle
  • urogenital triangle
A
  • Anal triangle:
    • Ischial tuberosity
    • coccyx
  • Urogenital triangle:
    • Ischial tuberosity
    • Pubic symphysis
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21
Q

What two perineal muscles would you see in the anal triangle?

What nerve innervates these muscles?

A
  1. External anal sphincter (thickening of pelvic floor (levator ani)
  2. Levator ani

Innervated by pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)

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22
Q

Which perineal muscle supports pelvic organs?

A

Levator ani

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23
Q

What perineal muscle regulates anal opening>

A

External anal sphincter

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24
Q

Which muscles would you find in the urogenital triangle? What are they innervated by?

A
  • External urethral sphincter - regulates urethral opening
  • Muscles over erectile tissues of genitalia - increases blood flow
  • innervated by pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
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25
Q

Which sphincter is more developed in males vs females?

A

external urethral sphincter

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26
Q

What are the two types of erectile tissue in the penis?

A
  1. The “Bulb” of penis - beginning of the corpus spongiosum
  2. The Crus of penis: Corpora cavernosa
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27
Q

In which erectile tissue of the penis would you find the urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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28
Q

Which type of erectile tissue gets the most bloodflow during erection? why?

A

Corpus cavernosa gets more than corpus spongiosum because we don’t want to “squeeze” the urethra within the corpus spongiosum

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29
Q

What is the attached part of the corpus cavernosa called?

A

Crus of penis (two)

make “legs”

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30
Q

What is the attached part of the corpus spongiosum?

A

Bulb of penis

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31
Q

What muscle surrounds the bulb of the penis?

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

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32
Q

What muscle surrounds the Crus of penis?

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

-ischium attachment (ischial tuberosity and ishial ramus)

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33
Q

Gonads develop from the ________ before descending.

A

posterior abdominal wall

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34
Q

What ligament separates the two scrotal cavities?

A

Scrotal septum

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35
Q

What muscle surrounds the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord

A

Surrounding the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord is the cremaster muscle

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36
Q

The cremaster muscle is formed from the continuation of which muscle?

What reflex does this have?

A

Internal oblique muscles

  • continue into scrotum
  • Cremaster reflex = brings scrotum closer to body wall during sexual arousal and in response to temperature
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37
Q

What are the three components of the spermatic cord?

A
  1. Vas deferens (ductus deferens)
  2. Pampiniform plexus
  3. Testicular artery
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38
Q

The testicular artery comes from which vessel?

A

Abdominal aorta

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39
Q

What is the papiniform plexus?

A

Lots of veins = important to ensure that everything is drained from the penis

  • maintain proper temperature within the scrotus
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40
Q

What structure provides openings to the scrotum?

(weak points of the body wall)

A

Inguinal canal

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41
Q

The inguinal canal is covered by the ligament which extends from the ________\_to the ________\_

A

The inguinal canal is covered by the inguinal ligament which extends from the anterior superior iliac crest to the pubic symphisis

42
Q

What does semen consist of?

A
  • spermatozoa (gametes)
  • Seminal fluid (secretions from accessory glands)
43
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Production of sperm

44
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

In the seminiferous tubules of the testes

45
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

In the epididymis

46
Q

Which part of the male genital tract provides transport for sperm from the scrotum to ejaculatory ducts?

A

Vas deferens

47
Q

The vas deferens emerges from the _____ to the _______

A

The vas deferens emerges from the tail of the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

48
Q

The enlargement of the vas deferens is called the _______ that mixes with the _______ (1st gland) to form the _________ (duct)

A

The enlargement of the vas deferens is called the ampulla which mixes with the seminal vesicle (1st gland) to form the ejaculatory duct (duct)

49
Q

Which two vessels combine at the prostate to become the membranous urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra and ejaculatory duct

50
Q

The ejaculatory duct and prostatic urethra combine at the prostate to become the ________

A

The ejaculatory duct and prostatic urethra combine at the prostate to become the membranous urethra

51
Q

Which gland secretes into the membranous urethra?

A

Bulbourethral gland

52
Q

The membranous urethra becomes the ________

A

The membranous urethra becomes the penile urethra

53
Q

What is the primary sex organ of the male?

A

Testis

54
Q

What two serous layers cover the testes?

A
  1. Tunica vaginalis (parietal) - surrounds scrotum
  2. Tunica vaginalis (visceral) - surrounds testis
55
Q

What is the area between the parietal and visceral tunica vaginalis called?

A

Scrotal cavity

Filled with serous fluid = prevent friction

56
Q

Why do the gonads (testis) appear white?

A

They’re surrounded by tough fibrous connective tissue: Tunica albuginea

57
Q

What is the tunical albuginea?

What does it form?

A

White fibrous connective tissue envelope over the gonads

Forms CT septa

58
Q

Within the CT septa (formed by the tunica albuginea) you would find the ________

A

Within the CT septa (formed by the tunica albuginea) you would find the seminiferous tubules

59
Q

The seminiferous tubules all accumulate at the _______

A

The seminiferous tubules all meet at the Rete testis (aka mediastinum)

60
Q

What is found in the tunica albuginea?

A

The blood, lymph and nerve vessels

Which enter posteriorly into rete testis (mediastinum)

61
Q

The seminiferous tubules are embedded in ______ with ____, ____, _____ and _______

A

The seminiferous tubules are embedded in connective tissue with blood, lymph, nerves and interstitial cells

62
Q

What type of cells line the seminiferous tubules? What do they produce?

A

Spermatogenic cells (Germ cells)

  • produce sperm
63
Q

Aside from spermatogenic cells, what other type of cell is found in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli (nurse) cells

64
Q

Outside the seminiferous tubules (within the CT) are ______ cells

A

Outside the seminiferous tubules (within the CT) are interstitial cells

65
Q

What is spermatocytogenesis?

A

Mitosis (differentiation) of spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes

66
Q

What process follows spermatocytogenesis?

A

Meiosis

-reduce diploid chromosomal complement to form haploid spermatids

67
Q

What process follows Meiosis?

A

Spermiogenesis - transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

68
Q

What are the three stages of spermatogenesis? (sperm formation)

A
  1. Spermatocytogenesis
  2. Meiosis
  3. Spermiogenesis
69
Q

Sertoli cells are a type of ______ cell

A

Sertoli cells are a type of epithelial cell

70
Q

What are five functions of sertoli cells?

A
  1. Support, nourish, protect spermatogenic cells
  2. Phagocytose excess cytoplasm
  3. Secrete fructose-rich fluid
  4. Helps maintain necessary testosterone levels for spermatogenesis
  5. Establish blood-testis barrier (tight junction)
71
Q

Why is the blood-testis barrier (established by the ______ cells) important?

A

Why is the blood-testis barrier (established by the sertoli cells) important?

  • Secondary Spermatocytes (and mature spermatozoa) would be recognized by the body as foreign = the immune system would destroy them
  • The blood-testis barrier is a tight-junction that ensures that the body cannot detect these new cells
72
Q

Which cell crosses the tight junction (blood-testis barrier) prior to meiosis?

A

Primary spermatocytes

73
Q

What is spermioogenesis and what four events occur during spermiogenesis?

A
  • Final stage of spermatogenesis - transformation of spermatid into spermatozoon
  1. condensation of nucleus
  2. formation of acrosome - chews through barrier of ovum
  3. development of flagellum
  4. shedding of cytoplasm (ingested by sertoli cells)
74
Q

What is contained in the acrosome?

A

Enzymes that create a hole in the zona pellucida

75
Q

How does the sperm get energy for motion?

A

Mitochondria in midpiece generates beating of flagellum

76
Q

What are myoid cells?

A

Epithelial cells that are capable of contracting

-help propel the contents of seminiferous tubules toward the rete testes

77
Q

What are leydig cells?

A

Cells in the interstitial tissue that produces and secretes testosterone

78
Q

What are the two types of interstitial cells in the testis?

A

Leydig cells - produce testosterone

Myoid cells - contract

79
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate in males?

A

FSH stimulates sertoli cells to support spermatogenesis

80
Q

What is the effect of luteinizing hormone in males?

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

81
Q

FSH and LH (collectively known as the _______) are produced by the ________

A

FSH and LH (collectively known as the gonadotropins) are produced by the anterior pituitary gland

82
Q

Sertoli cells release _____ to depress the anterior pituitary from producing FSH

A

Sertoli cells release inhibin to depress the anterior pituitary from producing FSH

83
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the epididymis?

What are two types of cells found there?

A

Pseudocolumnar epithelium

  1. Tall ciliated cells
  2. Short absorptive cells
84
Q

The ductus (vas) deferens is a ________ that conducts sperm from the _____ to the ______ via _______ .

Enlarges as an _____ to join the ______ which together form the ______ ducts

A

The ductus (vas) deferens is a long, thick muscular tube that conducts sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles via peristaltic contraction.

Enlarges as an ampulla to join the seminal vesicle which together form the ejaculatory ducts

85
Q

What three glands contribute to the seminal fluid?

A
  1. Seminal vesicle
  2. Prostate gland
  3. Bulbourethral gland
86
Q

Most of the seminal fluid is made in the _______

A

Most of the seminal fluid is made in the seminal vesicle

87
Q

Which gland contributes to about 20% of semen?

A

Prostate gland

88
Q

How does the bulbourethral gland contribute to semen?

A

Neutralizes and lubricates the urethra

89
Q

Which reproductive gland has a highly amplified mucosa?

A

Seminal vesicles

90
Q

The seminal vesicles secrete 60-70% of seminal fluid giving it a _____, _____ appearance.

Among it’s secretions are:

  • _______
  • _______
A

The seminal vesicles secrete 60-70% of seminal fluid giving it a yellow, viscous appearance.

Among it’s secretions are:

  • coagulating factors
    • clotting of semen (defence against women’s reproductive system)
  • High fructose content
    • _​_energy source for sperm
91
Q

Which gland is being described:

  • Dense, walnut-sized
  • Below urinary bladder
  • surrounds initial portion of the urethra
A

Prostate gland

92
Q

Why is there a lot of smooth muscle associated with the prostate gland?

A
  • Helps release urine
  • Final contraction at ejaculation
93
Q

What is secreted by the prostate gland

A
  • thin, white secretion making up about 20-30% of semen
  • hydrolytic enzymes (produced by epithelium)
    • liquefy ejaculated clotted semen
    • release spermatozoa
94
Q

what are the bulbourethral glands?

A

two tiny glands in the urogenital diaphragm that secrete right before final ejaculation

95
Q

What is secreted by the bulourethral glands?

A

Thick, sticky alkaline mucous that coats and lubricates the urethra (neutralizing any urine) before the passage of sperm

96
Q

What is the difference between the shaft and root of penis?

A

Root is the separate erectile tissues (bulb and crus)

Shaft is where the two erectile tissues come together

97
Q

What tissue in the penis has dense collagen bundles permitting extension of erectile tissue?

A

Tunica albuginea (fibrous CT)

98
Q

Which type of erectile tissue has direct arteries?

A

Corpora cavernosa

99
Q

What is erectile tissue composed of?

A

Large interconnecting vascular spaces lined with enothelial cells, separated by trabeculae (CT and smooth mm)

100
Q

What is the mechanism of erection?

(point and shoot)

A
  • Parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of central arteries
  • Erectile tissue become engorged with blood (trabeculae and smooth mm are relaxed)
  • Peripheral veins become compressed against tunica albuginea - blocks venous outflow
  • sympathetic stimulation causes ejaculation (constriction of arteries and muscle)
101
Q

Most of the spongy(penile) urethra is lined with ________ epithelium; the glans of the penis has __________ epithelium

A

Most of the spongy(penile) urethra is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium; the glans of the penis has stratified squamous epithelium

102
Q

In the penile urethra are urethral glands (glands of ______) that secrete _______

A

In the penile urethra are urethral glands (glands of littre) that secrete mucous - help bulbourethral glands with lubrication of the penile urethra

ANAT 200 (20 decks)

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