Reproductive System (Male) Flashcards
1
Q
Once the reproductive system becomes active (at puberty) it has a high impact on _______
A
Once the reproductive system becomes active (at puberty) it has a high impact on endocrine system
- bone development
- brain development
2
Q
What are five functions of the male reproductive system?
A
- produce male gametes (spermatozoa)
- Produce sex hormones
- testosterone
- Produce Seminal Fluid
- Temporary storage for spermatozoa
- Delivery of spermatozoa to the female repro tract
3
Q
What organ produces the male gametes (sperm) and male sex hormone (testosterone)?
A
Testes
4
Q
What are three functions of the ducts of the male reproductive system?
A
- Sperm
- storage
- maturation
- transportation
5
Q
Why are accessory glands of the male reproductive system important?
A
- Produce majority of seminal fluid
- Secretions function in maintenance maturation of sperm
6
Q
Which organ:
- is the male organ of copulation
- common pathway for urine and semen
A
Penis
7
Q
What separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity?
A
Parietal peritoneum - lies overtop all of the pelvic organs (urinary bladder, rectum, uterus)
8
Q
What makes the floor and roof of the pelvis?
A
Roof = Parietal peritoneum
Floor = Levator ani mm
9
Q
The male gonads, the ______ are found in the ______
A
The male gonads, the testis are found in the scrotum
10
Q
Why are the male gonads (testis) found in the scrotum (“outside” of the body)?
A
Maintained at a lower temperature in order to produce sperm.
=external gonads
11
Q
What is the first duct from the testis?
A
Epididymis (palpable structure)
12
Q
From the epididymis, we have the _______ (tube) which goes from the scrotum into the pelvic cavity
A
From the epididymis, we have the Ductus (vas) deferens (tube) which goes from the scrotum into the pelvic cavity
13
Q
The vas deferens goes from the external part of the body, into the pelvic cavity and behind the _______
A
The vas deferens goes from the external part of the body, into the pelvic cavity and behind the Urinary bladder (always retroperitoneal)
=External part of body has NO access to abdominal cavity
14
Q
The ductus (vas) deferens goes behind the urinary bladder where it joins with the ______ (gland)
A
The ductus (vas) deferens goes behind the urinary bladder where it joins the seminal vesicle
15
Q
Seminal vesicles on either side form with the ductus deferens and forms the ______ in the _______ (2nd gland)
A
Seminal vesicles on either side form with the ductus deferens and forms the ejaculatory duct in the prostate
16
Q
From the prostate, we see a common passageway of both urine and semen (_______urethra)
A
From the prostate, we see a common passageway of both urine and semen (prostatic urethra)
17
Q
The prostatic urethra becomes the short _______ urethra. Here we find the third gland of the male reproductive system, the _______
A
The prostatic urethra becomes the short membraneous urethra. Here we find the third gland of the male reproductive system, the bulbourethral gland
18
Q
What is the bulbourethral gland important for?
A
Clearing the urethra of “old” urine
19
Q
The membranous urethra becomes the _______ urethra
A
The membranous urethra becomes the penile urethra
20
Q
What are the palpable points making the
- anal triangle
- urogenital triangle
A
- Anal triangle:
- Ischial tuberosity
- coccyx
- Urogenital triangle:
- Ischial tuberosity
- Pubic symphysis
21
Q
What two perineal muscles would you see in the anal triangle?
What nerve innervates these muscles?
A
- External anal sphincter (thickening of pelvic floor (levator ani)
- Levator ani
Innervated by pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
22
Q
Which perineal muscle supports pelvic organs?
A
Levator ani
23
Q
What perineal muscle regulates anal opening>
A
External anal sphincter
24
Q
Which muscles would you find in the urogenital triangle? What are they innervated by?
A
- External urethral sphincter - regulates urethral opening
- Muscles over erectile tissues of genitalia - increases blood flow
- innervated by pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
25
Which sphincter is more developed in males vs females?
external urethral sphincter
26
What are the two types of erectile tissue in the penis?
1. The "Bulb" of penis - beginning of the **corpus spongiosum**
2. The Crus of penis: **Corpora cavernosa**
27
In which erectile tissue of the penis would you find the urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
28
Which type of erectile tissue gets the most bloodflow during erection? why?
Corpus cavernosa gets more than corpus spongiosum because we don't want to "squeeze" the urethra within the corpus spongiosum
29
What is the attached part of the corpus cavernosa called?
Crus of penis (two)
make "legs"
30
What is the attached part of the corpus spongiosum?
Bulb of penis
31
What muscle surrounds the bulb of the penis?
Bulbospongiosus muscle
32
What muscle surrounds the Crus of penis?
Ischiocavernosus muscle
-ischium attachment (ischial tuberosity and ishial ramus)
33
Gonads develop from the ________ before descending.
posterior abdominal wall
34
What ligament separates the two scrotal cavities?
Scrotal septum
35
What muscle surrounds the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord
Surrounding the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord is the _cremaster_ muscle
36
The cremaster muscle is formed from the continuation of which muscle?
What reflex does this have?
Internal oblique muscles
- continue into scrotum
* Cremaster reflex = brings scrotum closer to body wall during sexual arousal and in response to temperature
37
What are the three components of the spermatic cord?
1. Vas deferens (ductus deferens)
2. Pampiniform plexus
3. Testicular artery
38
The testicular artery comes from which vessel?
Abdominal aorta
39
What is the papiniform plexus?
Lots of veins = important to ensure that everything is drained from the penis
* maintain proper temperature within the scrotus
40
What structure provides openings to the scrotum?
(weak points of the body wall)
Inguinal canal
41
The inguinal canal is covered by the ligament which extends from the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__to the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__
The inguinal canal is covered by the _inguinal_ ligament which extends from the _anterior superior iliac crest_ to the _pubic symphisis_
42
What does semen consist of?
* spermatozoa (gametes)
* Seminal fluid (secretions from accessory glands)
43
What is spermatogenesis?
Production of sperm
44
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
In the seminiferous tubules of the testes
45
Where do sperm mature?
In the epididymis
46
Which part of the male genital tract provides transport for sperm from the scrotum to ejaculatory ducts?
Vas deferens
47
The vas deferens emerges from the _____ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The vas deferens emerges from the _tail of the epididymis_ to the _ejaculatory duct_
48
The enlargement of the vas deferens is called the _______ that mixes with the _______ (1st gland) to form the _________ (duct)
The enlargement of the vas deferens is called the _ampulla_ which mixes with the _seminal vesicle_ (1st gland) to form the _ejaculatory duct_ (duct)
49
Which two vessels combine at the prostate to become the membranous urethra?
Prostatic urethra and ejaculatory duct
50
The ejaculatory duct and prostatic urethra combine at the prostate to become the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The ejaculatory duct and prostatic urethra combine at the prostate to become the _membranous urethra_
51
Which gland secretes into the membranous urethra?
Bulbourethral gland
52
The membranous urethra becomes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The membranous urethra becomes the _penile urethra_
53
What is the primary sex organ of the male?
Testis
54
What two serous layers cover the testes?
1. Tunica vaginalis (parietal) - surrounds scrotum
2. Tunica vaginalis (visceral) - surrounds testis
55
What is the area between the parietal and visceral tunica vaginalis called?
Scrotal cavity
Filled with serous fluid = prevent friction
56
Why do the gonads (testis) appear white?
They're surrounded by tough fibrous connective tissue: Tunica albuginea
57
What is the tunical albuginea?
What does it form?
White fibrous connective tissue envelope over the gonads
Forms CT septa
58
Within the CT septa (formed by the tunica albuginea) you would find the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Within the CT septa (formed by the tunica albuginea) you would find the _seminiferous tubules_
59
The seminiferous tubules all accumulate at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The seminiferous tubules all meet at the _Rete testis (aka mediastinum)_
60
What is found in the tunica albuginea?
The blood, lymph and nerve vessels
Which enter posteriorly into rete testis (mediastinum)
61
The seminiferous tubules are embedded in ______ with \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The seminiferous tubules are embedded in _connective tissue_ with _blood_, _lymph_, _nerves_ and _interstitial cells_
62
What type of cells line the seminiferous tubules? What do they produce?
Spermatogenic cells (Germ cells)
- produce sperm
63
Aside from spermatogenic cells, what other type of cell is found in the seminiferous tubules?
Sertoli (nurse) cells
64
Outside the seminiferous tubules (within the CT) are ______ cells
Outside the seminiferous tubules (within the CT) are _interstitial_ cells
65
What is spermatocytogenesis?
Mitosis (differentiation) of spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes
66
What process follows spermatocytogenesis?
Meiosis
-reduce diploid chromosomal complement to form haploid spermatids
67
What process follows Meiosis?
Spermiogenesis - transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa
68
What are the three stages of spermatogenesis? (sperm formation)
1. Spermatocytogenesis
2. Meiosis
3. Spermiogenesis
69
Sertoli cells are a type of ______ cell
Sertoli cells are a type of _epithelial_ cell
70
What are five functions of sertoli cells?
1. Support, nourish, protect spermatogenic cells
2. Phagocytose excess cytoplasm
3. Secrete **fructose-rich** fluid
4. Helps maintain necessary testosterone levels for spermatogenesis
5. Establish **blood-testis barrier** (*tight junction*)
71
Why is the blood-testis barrier (established by the ______ cells) important?
Why is the blood-testis barrier (established by the _sertoli_ cells) important?
* Secondary Spermatocytes (and mature spermatozoa) would be recognized by the body as **foreign** = the immune system would destroy them
* The blood-testis barrier is a tight-junction that ensures that the body cannot detect these new cells
72
Which cell crosses the tight junction (blood-testis barrier) prior to meiosis?
Primary spermatocytes
73
What is spermioogenesis and what four events occur during spermiogenesis?
* Final stage of spermatogenesis - transformation of spermatid into spermatozoon
1. condensation of nucleus
2. formation of acrosome - chews through barrier of ovum
3. development of flagellum
4. shedding of cytoplasm (ingested by sertoli cells)
74
What is contained in the acrosome?
Enzymes that create a hole in the zona pellucida
75
How does the sperm get energy for motion?
Mitochondria in midpiece generates beating of flagellum
76
What are myoid cells?
Epithelial cells that are capable of contracting
-help propel the contents of seminiferous tubules toward the rete testes
77
What are leydig cells?
Cells in the interstitial tissue that produces and secretes testosterone
78
What are the two types of interstitial cells in the testis?
Leydig cells - produce testosterone
Myoid cells - contract
79
What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate in males?
FSH stimulates sertoli cells to support spermatogenesis
80
What is the effect of luteinizing hormone in males?
Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
81
FSH and LH (collectively known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_) are produced by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
FSH and LH (collectively known as the _gonadotropins_) are produced by the _anterior pituitary gland_
82
Sertoli cells release _____ to depress the anterior pituitary from producing FSH
Sertoli cells release _inhibin_ to depress the anterior pituitary from producing FSH
83
What type of epithelium makes up the epididymis?
What are two types of cells found there?
Pseudocolumnar epithelium
1. Tall ciliated cells
2. Short absorptive cells
84
The ductus (vas) deferens is a ________ that conducts sperm from the _____ to the ______ via _______ .
Enlarges as an _____ to join the ______ which together form the ______ ducts
The ductus (vas) deferens is a _long, thick muscular tube_ that conducts sperm from the _epididymis_ to the _seminal vesicles_ via _peristaltic contraction_.
Enlarges as an _ampulla_ to join the _seminal vesicle_ which together form the _ejaculatory_ ducts
85
What three glands contribute to the seminal fluid?
1. Seminal vesicle
2. Prostate gland
3. Bulbourethral gland
86
Most of the seminal fluid is made in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Most of the seminal fluid is made in the _seminal vesicle_
87
Which gland contributes to about 20% of semen?
Prostate gland
88
How does the bulbourethral gland contribute to semen?
Neutralizes and lubricates the urethra
89
Which reproductive gland has a highly amplified mucosa?
Seminal vesicles
90
The seminal vesicles secrete 60-70% of seminal fluid giving it a \_\_\_\_\_, _____ appearance.
Among it's secretions are:
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The seminal vesicles secrete 60-70% of seminal fluid giving it a _yellow, viscous_ appearance.
Among it's secretions are:
* _coagulating factors_
* clotting of semen (defence against women's reproductive system)
* _High fructose content_
* __energy source for sperm
91
Which gland is being described:
* Dense, walnut-sized
* **Below** urinary bladder
* surrounds initial portion of the urethra
Prostate gland
92
Why is there a lot of smooth muscle associated with the prostate gland?
* Helps release urine
* Final contraction at ejaculation
93
What is secreted by the prostate gland
* thin, white secretion making up about 20-30% of semen
* hydrolytic enzymes (produced by epithelium)
* liquefy ejaculated clotted semen
* release spermatozoa
94
what are the bulbourethral glands?
two tiny glands in the urogenital diaphragm that secrete right before final ejaculation
95
What is secreted by the bulourethral glands?
Thick, sticky alkaline mucous that coats and lubricates the urethra (neutralizing any urine) before the passage of sperm
96
What is the difference between the shaft and root of penis?
Root is the separate erectile tissues (bulb and crus)
Shaft is where the two erectile tissues come together
97
What tissue in the penis has dense collagen bundles permitting extension of erectile tissue?
Tunica albuginea (fibrous CT)
98
Which type of erectile tissue has direct arteries?
Corpora cavernosa
99
What is erectile tissue composed of?
Large interconnecting vascular spaces lined with enothelial cells, separated by **trabeculae** (CT and smooth mm)
100
What is the mechanism of erection?
(point and shoot)
* **Parasympathetic** stimulation causes vasodilation of central arteries
* Erectile tissue become engorged with blood (trabeculae and smooth mm are relaxed)
* Peripheral veins become compressed against tunica albuginea - blocks venous outflow
* **sympathetic** stimulation causes ejaculation (constriction of arteries and muscle)
101
Most of the spongy(penile) urethra is lined with ________ epithelium; the glans of the penis has __________ epithelium
Most of the spongy(penile) urethra is lined with _pseudostratified columnar_ epithelium; the glans of the penis has _stratified squamous_ epithelium
102
In the penile urethra are urethral glands (glands of \_\_\_\_\_\_) that secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
In the penile urethra are urethral glands (glands of _littre)_ that secrete _mucous - help bulbourethral glands with lubrication of the penile urethra_
