Reproductive System (Female) Part II Flashcards
As follicles mature, what hormone do they increase?
Estrogen
High estrogen causes a surge of ______ which causes the next phase of the ovarian cycle:
High estrogen causes a surge of LH which causes the next phase of the ovarian cycle: Ovulation
What hormones are increased by the corpus luteum?
Progesterone and estrogen
The placental hormone that replaces LH is:
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
What does a high level of progesterone do?
Maintain endometrium
What is angiogeneisis?
Formation of thick vascular lining: placenta
By the second trimester, the _____ takes over the secretion of hormones
placenta
What does the hormone relaxin do? Where is it secreted from?
Prepares cervix for delivery
Released by placenta
What does the placenta do?
*temporary organ*
- connects foetus to uterine wall (via umbilical cord) where exchange of blood and nutrients can occur during development
The placenta has which 6 functions?
- nutrient intake
- thermo-regulation
- waste-elimination
- gas exchange
- fight against internal infections
- lymphatics and immune
- produces hCG
If you see ovaries are you posterior or anterior view?
Posterior
What are the three layers of the uterus?
- Endometrium
- mucosal layer
- changes every month
- menses if no fertilization
- Myometrium
- 3 layers of smooth muscle
- Mesometrium
- mesentery of the uterus
What does the cervix produce and why?
How does the secretion change during ovulation?
Mucus
- stops passage of bacteria from vagina
- becomes more watery during ovulation
- allow sperm through
What makes up 90% of the uterus’ mass?
outer muscular myometrium
- 3 layers of muscle
- force needed for parturition
The _____ is the mucosa layer of the uterus making up about 10% of the mass.
Has ____ layers
The endometrium is the mucosa layer of the uterus making up about 10% of the mass.
Has two layers
The vast amount of uterine glands opening into the endometrial surface extend into the _______
The vast amount of uterine glands opening into the endometrial surface extend into the lamina propria
Which vessels supply the uterus?
- Found in the _______ ligament
- Branch from the _____ ______ vessels
Uterine vessels
- Found in the transverse ligament
- Branch from the internal iliac vessels
The suspensory ligament carries the _____ vessels and the transverse ligament carries the ______ vessels
The suspensory ligament carries the ovarian vessels and the transverse ligament carries the uterine vessels
What vessels supply the vagina?
Where do they branch from?
What vessels supply the vagina? Vaginal vessels
Where do they branch from? Internal iliac vessels
How many phases are there in the menstrual cycle?
3 phases
- Menses (menstrual phase)
- Proliferative
- Secretory phase
What happens during the first phase of the menstrual cycle (Menstrual phase)?
Destruction of the functional layer (of endometrium)
What happens during the 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle (Proliferative phase)
Repair and regeneration of the functional layer (of endometrium)
What happens during the 3rd phase of the menstrual cycle (secretory phase)?
Secretion of uterine glands
What ovarian cycle phase is associated with the proliferating phase of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular phase
The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle is associated with which phase of the menstrual cycle?
Secretory phase
______ induces proliferation of endometrium following menstruation
estrogen induces proliferation of endometrium following menstruation
_______ causes the endometrium to become secretory and prepares it for implantation
progesterone causes the endometrium to become secretory and prepares it for implantation
What are the two layers associated with the endometrium?
- Basal layer: Stratum basalis
- never destroyed
- Functional layer: Stratum functionalis
- changes throughout the cycle
Follow the arterial blood-flow through the uterus
- Uterine arteries
-
Arcuate Arteries
- surround all of uterus within myometrium
- Radial arteries
-
Straight arteries
- associated with basal layer (stratum basalis = stem cell layer) of endometrium
- ALWAYS PRESENT
-
Spiral arteries
- produced new every month (angiogenesis)
- supply functional layer and developing zygote
- help with development of placenta
What is the difference between straight arteries and spiral arteries?
- Straight arteries
- remain unchanged throughout uterine cycle
- supply basal layer of endometrium
- Spiral arteries
- Shed and regrow during each menstrual cycle (angiogenesis)
- Supply functional layer of endometrium (stratum functionalis)
Spiral arteries grow during the ________ phase and then enlarge and mature under influence of _______ (hormone) during the _______ phase
Spiral arteries grow during the proliferative phase and then enlarge and mature under influence of progesterone (hormone) during the secretory phase
Degeneration of corpus luteum has what impact on the spiral arteries and endometrium
Degeneration of the corpus luteum results in
- loss of progesterone
- spasm of smooth muscle in wall of spiral arteries
- endometrium becomes ischemic, dies, and is shed
How is the uterine epithelum restored after menses?
Estrogen increase (from follicular phase of ovarian cycle) causes epithelial cells of glands to multiply and spread across the surface restoring the epithelium
During the proliferative phase, what is happening in the ovary?
Follicular phase
- primary and secondary follicles are enlarging in the ovary
What is notable about the mucus secreted during the proliferative phase?
It is rich in lipid and glycogen (preparing nutrients for implantation)
By ovulation what does the functional layer look like?
Several mm thick and highly vascularized
What happens in the uterus during secretory phase?
- Glands:
- Spiral arteries:
What happens in the uterus during secretory phase?
- Glands:
- enlarge and accelerate their rate of secretions
- Spiral arteries:
- elongate throughout the functional layer
- produce anastomoses between each other
What is happening in the ovary that causes the secretory phase?
Combined progesterone (from corpus luteum in luteal phase) and estrogen cause the increased secretory phase
When does the secretory phase begin and end?
Begins at time of ovulation and ends when the Corpus Luteum degenerates (if no fertilization = no progesterone)
When is the peak secretory phase (when you would want implantation)?
12 days after ovulation
If no implantation occurs, what happens?
Menstrual phase occurs
- degeneration of functional layer (~14 days after ovulation)
- Decrease in hormonal levels
What is menstrual pain assoctiated with?
Uterine inflammation and contraction (both from myometrium and ischemic blood vessels)
What happens to the arteries and arterial walls during menstrual phase?
Arteries constrict:
- weakens arterial walls
- reduces blood flow
- glands and surrounding tissue begin to die
Arterial walls rupture
- blood cells and degenerative tissue break away from endometrium and enter uterine cavity
What cells of the cervix produce mucous?
Columnar cells
The opening from the cervix into the uterus is called the _______ and the opening from the cervix into the vagina is the _______
The opening from the cervix into the uterus is called the internal os and the opening from the cervix into the vagina is the external os
What does the cervix form during pregnancy?
Mucous plug
- ensures no acidity/pathogen from vagina enters the uterus = dangerous to developing embryo
A surge of ______ dilates the cervix and releases the mucous plug
A surge of relaxin dilates the cervix and releases the mucous plug
What is measured by “level of dilation”
Shortening and widening of the cervix
What moistens the vagina?
Cervical mucous
-feeds vaginal bacteria to maintain pH
Why does the vagina have such extensive vasculature?
Needs lots of lymphatics
-opening to outside world
What is the purpose of the bacteria in the vagina?
The normal vaginal flora is dominated by various lactobacillus species.
Lactobacilli help to keep the vagina healthy by producing lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and other substances that inhibit the growth of yeast and other unwanted organisms.
The vagina extends from the _____ to the _____ of the external genitalia
The vagina extends from the cervix to the vestibule of the external genitalia
What type of innervation does the vagina have?
both somatic and autonomic
What are three functions of the vagina?
- eliminate menses
- organ of copulation
- forms birth canal during parturition
Just like any tube close to the outside of the body, the vaginal epithelium is:
Stratified squamous
Cells of the vagina contain high amounts of ______ to feed the resident bacteria
Cells of the vagina contain high amounts of glycogen to feed the resident bacteria
_______ cells of the vagina serve as substrate for lactic acid-producing bacteria
Desquamated cells of the vagina serve as substrate for lactic acid-producing bacteria
The CT ______ of the vagina has a large number of lymphatics
The CT lamina propria of the vagina has a large number of lymphatics
What surrounds the cervix?
Posterior fornix, anterior fornix and lateral fornices
What happens in the fornices?
The sperm is liquified
- increases chance of survival
- survives vagina better when coagulated
The connection of the ______ posteriorly forms the mons pubis
The connection of the Labia majora posteriorly forms the mons pubis
What is the vestibule of the female pelvis?
Space between the labia minora on each side
What is included in the term: Vulva
Vulva refers to the external genitalia
- Vestibule
- labia majora
- labia minora
- clitoris
Bulb of the penis is the equivalent of the _______ in females and has what type of erectile tissue?
Bulb of the penis is the equivalent of the bulbs of vestibule in females and has what type of erectile tissue? corpus spongiosum
What is the female equivalent to the glans of the penis?
Glans of clitoris
What is the female equivalent to the crus of penis?
What type of erectile tissue is this?
What is the female equivalent to the crus of penis? Crus of clitoris
What type of erectile tissue is this? Corpora cavernosa
Compare the body of the clitoris to the body of the penis
Body of clitoris:
- 2 corpora cavernosa
- no bulb
Body of Penis:
- 2 corpora cavernosa
- corpus spongiosum
Muscles over erectile tissues of genitalia has what effect on blood flow?
Increases blood flow
What perineal muscles cover the bulbs of the vestibule and greater vestibular glands?
Innervation?
Bulbospongiosus mm
Innervated by Pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
What perineal muscles cover the erectile tissue of corpora cavernosa?
Innervation?
Ischiocavernosus mm.
Innervated by Pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
What is the female homologue to the prostate gland?
Where are they found
Skene’s glands
Between the urethra and vagina
-lubrication
What does sympathetic innervation control in the female repro system?
Where is the distribution (where would you feel pain)
- Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
- contraction of smooth muscles
- ejaculation
T12-L2
What is the parasympathetic in charge of in the female repro system?
- vasodilation of blood vessels
- erection
S2,3,4
Lower back and external genitalia pain/pleasure
What is colostrum?
Released 2nd trimester and 3 days after delivery
High antibodies and high fat for baby
Produced by nipple
Milk productions starts in the ______ and is stimulated by
- _____
- ______
Milk productions starts in the 2nd trimester and is stimulated by
- Prolactin
- estrogen/progesterone
What hormone stimulates milk ejection?
Oxytocin
- causes contraction of smooth muscle in walls of lactiferous ducts and sinuses
- Also helps reduce size of uterus via contractions
