Urinary System

Question 1

What are the functions of kidneys?

Answer 1

Maintain blood/body water homeostasis via production of urine

Monitor acid/base balance

Raises blood pressure

Question 2

What happens when the kidneys secrete renin?

Answer 2

Raises blood pressure

Question 3

What happens when the kidneys secrete erythropoietin?

Answer 3

Accelerates red blood cell production

Question 4

What do ureters do?

Answer 4

Conduct urine to the bladder

Question 5

What is the urethra for?

Answer 5

Passage of urine out of the body

Question 6

Where is the anatomical position of the kidneys?

Answer 6

Lie on each side on the posterior abdominal wall

Question 7

What are kidneys encapsulated in?

Answer 7

A retroperitoneal bag and protected by layers of fascia and renal fat

Question 8

Where are nephrons stored?

Answer 8

In renal pyramids

Question 9

What do renal pyramids/papilla feed into?

Answer 9

The minor calcyx

Question 10

What tissue lies between each papilla?

Answer 10

The cortex

Question 11

What are the 5 different structure in the nephron?

Answer 11

Renal corpuscle (glomerulus)

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

Question 12

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 12

Juxtamedullary and superficial

Question 13

Describe the juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 13

Receives around 10% of renal supply

Concentrates urine

Glomeruli in inner cortical regions

Associated with vascular structure

Question 14

Describe a superficial nephron

Answer 14

Receives around 90% of renal supply

Reabsorbs large percentages of fluid that filters from vasculature

Glomeruli in outer cortical regions

Question 15

What type of waves propel urine down the ureter?

Answer 15

Peristaltic waves

Question 16

How does the bladder fill?

Answer 16

By relaxing its muscular wall (detrusor muscle)

Question 17

What type of epithelial structure lines this system?

Answer 17

Transitional epithelium (urothelium) which is urine proof

Question 18

Which muscle is the only voluntary muscle in the urinary system?

Answer 18

The external sphincter

Question 19

What filters blood?

Answer 19

Glomerulus which sits in the Bowman capsule

Question 20

What forces the plasma through the filtration barrier?

Answer 20

The hydrostatic pressure generated by the blood flowing in and out of the golmerular capillaries

Question 21

What are the two ways solutes can pass through the apical membrane?

Answer 21

Paracellular or transcellular reabsorption

Question 22

What allows for a greater and sodium reabsorption?

Answer 22

The countercurrent multiplication mechanism

Question 23

What part of the kidney has the greatest osmoality?

Answer 23

The papilla then decreases outwards

Question 24

What part of the nephron recovers most of the reabsorption?

Answer 24

The proximal tubule

Question 25

How is reabosrbed fluid returned to the vasculature?

Answer 25

Via the peritubular networks

Question 26

How are different ions reabsorped?

Answer 26

Glucose- via Na cotransport Na by Pt, driven by basolateral NA/KATPase Cl-, late PT, paracellular route by a chlorine base exchanger Water- osmosis

Question 27

What is micturition?

Answer 27

The action of urinating

Question 28

Where is there no modification of urine?

Answer 28

Between kidneys and bladder

Question 29

What happens when the bladder is filled?

Answer 29

The parasympathetic motor efferents to stimulate bladder contraction Emptying is prevented by the CNS until the outer sphincter is relaxed voluntarily

Question 30

What carries urine to the bladder?

Answer 30

Channeled by renal calcyes and the renal sinus into ureters