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Anatomy > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeletal system compose of?

A

Bone and cartilage

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2
Q

What is the skeletal system divided into?

A

The axial and A

appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

The skull, vertebrae, sacrum ribs and sternum

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4
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of upper and lower limbs including the scapula and clavicle

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5
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A 
Enables movement
Protection of vital organs
Structural support
Storage of minerals
Haematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
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6
Q

What is the structure of bone?

A

It has a collagen fibre framework in mucopolysaccharide semisolid gel

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7
Q

What is bone hardened by?

A

Precipitation of calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite)

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8
Q

What is the difference between cartilage and bone?

A

Bone is calcified

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9
Q

What three components make up bone?

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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10
Q

What is the head of the bone called?

A

Epiphysis

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11
Q

What section of bone sits just below the epiphysis?

A

Metaphysis

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12
Q

What is the main function of metaphysis?

A

Region of growth in childhood

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13
Q

where does the blood enter the bone

A

Nutrient foramen

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14
Q

What is the middle section of bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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15
Q

What cells can be found in the diaphysis?

A

Fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells

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16
Q

What function do mesenchymal cells have?

A

Differentiating into osteoblasts, chondrocytes

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17
Q

WHat tissue surronds the shaft of compact bone?

A

Periosteum

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18
Q

What are the two major kinds of bone?

A

Trabecular and Coritcal

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19
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A

Spongy and porous

Gives supporting strength to the ends of weight bearing bone

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20
Q

What is coritcal bone?

A

Bone on the outside, forms the shaft of the long bone, provides stiffness and strength

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21
Q

How are trabeculae bones formed?

A

Along the lines of stress

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22
Q

What two types of canals carry blood to the bone?

A

Haversian and Volkman’s canals

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23
Q

What do Haversian canals do?

A

Cary blood along the long axis of the bone

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24
Q

What do Volkman’s canals do?

A

Carry blood perpendicularly

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25
Q

What is trabecular bone home to?

A

Haemopoiesis, formation of blood cellular components

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26
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

Mostly protein fibres- collagen

Crystallised mineral salts, hydroxyapatite

Water

ossified calcium phosphate

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27
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

bone forming cell, cover the surface of bone forming an osseous matrix in which it becomes enclosed as an osteocyte

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28
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

osteophage; a large, multinucleated cell derived from haematopoietic cells response to mechanical stresses and physiological demands they resorb bone matrix by demineralization

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29
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

– bone cell – trapped, “retired” osteoblasts. Mature bone cells - embedded in lacunae, relatively inactive. Maintain bone matrix through cell-to-cell communication (via projections in canaliculi) and influence bone remodelling. Mechanosensing

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30
Q

What is an osteoprogenitor?

A

Stem cell population, gives rise to osteoblasts (but also other cells)

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31
Q

Where do osteoblasts originate from?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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32
Q

What happens when osteoblasts become stimulated?

A

Will deposit collage as an organic matrix then hydroxyapatite

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33
Q

What happens to osteoblasts that become entombed in stimulation?

A

Mature into osteocytes

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34
Q

What does osteoclasts do?

A

Form a “sealing zone” on bone, regulated by hormones

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35
Q

What do osteocyte communicate by

A

Communicate via finger-like projections in canaliculi

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36
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone

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37
Q

What are lacunae?

A

a cavities or depressions, especially in bone

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38
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Too much bone formation

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39
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Too much bone resorption

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40
Q

Why is it important to maintain an equilibrium of bone formation and resorption?

A

To stop developing diseases such like hypertrophy and atrophy

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41
Q

What controls the activity of osteoclasts?

A

Calcitonin, decreases blood calcium levels

42
Q

What controls the activity of osteoclasts?

A

Parathyroid hormone

43
Q

What are the steps in trabecular bone remodelling?

A

Quiescence,

resorption by osteoclasts,

surface exposed osteoprogenitors adn differentiate into osteoblasts,

osteoblasts lay down new bone

44
Q

What are the steps in cortical bone remodelling>

A

Osteoclasts form a cutting cone at the resorption front

At the closing cone, osteoblasts line the osteoid

45
Q

What is Wolff’s law?

A

Bone adapts to the load under which it is placed

46
Q

When bones from in a fetus, where does the cartilage model come from?

A

Chondroblasts

47
Q

When the cartilage model is developed in fetuses, what process does it go under?

A

Ossification to create endochondral (long bones) and intramembranous (flat bones)

48
Q

Where does ossification begin?

A

In the diaphysis

49
Q

After birth, where does bone then grow from?

A

The epiphysis and epiphyseal plate, end of the bone

50
Q

What is required for bone growth to occur at the epiphyseal plate?

A

The plate of cartilage

51
Q

What happens at the hypertrophic zone?

A

swelling of chondroblasts casuses spontaneous mineralisation

52
Q

To stop any further bone growth what happens?

A

The epiphyseal plates fuse with the cartilage causing no more bone growth

53
Q

How does the body deal with fractures?

A

Callus formation- osteoblasts form a woven bone to bridge gap however is weak

Lamellar bone is laid down as this is stronger as the collagen is organised

54
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Elastic, hyaline, fribrocartilage

55
Q

What cells make up hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

56
Q

What gives hyaline cartilage its impact resistance?

A

The extracellular being filled with water

57
Q

What gives hyaline its structure?

A

Proteoglycans

58
Q

What is the long bone head called?

A

Trabecular

59
Q

What is the long bone cylinders called?

A

Compact

60
Q

How are compact bones arranged?

A

Cylindrically in Haversian systems

61
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Large macrophage-like cells that digest bone

62
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Lay down framework in bone formation

63
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two or more ones meet

64
Q

What is the function of joints?

A

Facilitate growth and transmit forces

65
Q

What are the three types of joints by movement?

A

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

66
Q

How do synarthrose joints move?

A

They don’t

67
Q

How do amphiarthroses joints move?

A

Slightly movable joint in which the surfaces of bones are connected by ligaments or cartilage

68
Q

How do diarthroses joints move?

A

A joint that can move freely in various planes

69
Q

How do you classify joints by soft tissue structure?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

70
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, syndesmosis and gomphosis

71
Q

What are suture joints?

A

Joints between skull vault bones

72
Q

What are syndesmosis joints?

A

Fibrous membrane between long bones eg radioulnar interosseous membrane

73
Q

What are gomphosis joints?

A

Peg and socket, teeth in jaw

74
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Primary (synchondrosis) and secondary (symphysis)

75
Q

What is the layering of primary cartilaginous joint?

A

Bone- hyaline cartilage- bone

76
Q

What is the layering of secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

Bone-hyaline cartilage- fibrocartilage- hyaline cartilage- bone

77
Q

An example of primary cartilaginous joints

A

First costosternal joint

78
Q

What type of cartilaginous joint do you find epiphyseal plates?

A

Primary

79
Q

Example of secondary cartilaginous joints

A

Joints of the sternum, intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

80
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joints that allow friction-free movement

81
Q

Example of synovial joint

A

Knee

82
Q

What are the features of synovial joints?

A

Fibrous capsule with both intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments, hyaline cartilage, synovial membrane, intra-articular disc, bursae, synovial sheaths

83
Q

What are intrinsic ligaments?

A

Ligaments that are part of the capsule

84
Q

What are extrinsic ligaments?

A

Ligaments that are outside the capsule

85
Q

What does it mean being double jointed?

A

The ligaments are very relaxed

86
Q

What creates the frictionless surface of joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

87
Q

What secretes the synovial fluid that lubricates the joint?

A

Synovial membrane

88
Q

What is synovial fluid made out of?

A

Hyaluronic acid and lubricin

89
Q

What effect does exercise have on synovial fluid?

A

Decreases viscosity so lubrication improves

90
Q

What are intra-articular discs?

A

Discs that are found in joints where there are rotatory movements

91
Q

What are bursae?

A

Closed sacs lined with synovial membrane

92
Q

An example of a bursae?

A

Sits anterior to the patella

93
Q

What are synovial sheaths?

A

Specialised bursae that surround tendons where they are subject to pressure

94
Q

How many planes do ball and socket joints move?

A

3

95
Q

How many planes do hinge joints move in?

A

1

96
Q

What factors influence stability?

A

Shape of the bones, strength and position of the ligaments, tone of surrounding muscles

97
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Inflammation of the joints

98
Q

What causes osteoarthritis?

A

Degeneracy in the articular cartilage in weight bearing joints

99
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Inflammation in the joints caused by an autoimmune disease

100
Q

What causes rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Changes in synovium lead to destruction of articular cartilage

Anatomy (20 decks)

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