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Anatomy > Pancreas and Liver > Flashcards

Pancreas and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the liver and pancreas?

A

Accessory organs for intestines, provide excretions directly into small intestine lumen

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2
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the liver and pancreas?

A

Regulate blood borne energy substrate availability

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3
Q

Where are the digestive pro-enzymes secreted?

A

From the pancreatic duct to the 2nd part of duodenum

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4
Q

What is the position of the pancreas?

A

Retroperitoneal, close to major blood vessels

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5
Q

Where is the sphincter of Oddi?

A

Where the gall bladder meets the duodenum

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6
Q

Where does the pancreas’ hepatic portal vein form?

A

At the L1 region, behind the neck region of the pancreas

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7
Q

From what three arteries does blood enter the pancreas?

A

Ant and post superior pancreatico-duodenal arteries

Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery

Splenic artery

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8
Q

What are the primary functions of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Neutralise acid

Deliver enzymes for macronutrient digestion in duodenum

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9
Q

What are acinar cells?

A

Main secretory cells

Clusters are connected by intercalated ducts

Converge on collecting duct

Lining cells add ions and secretions

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10
Q

What is exocrine pancrease regulation dependent on?

A

Phase of digestion

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11
Q

Describe the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

Vagus nerves stimulates pancreatic secretions by releasing ACh and VIP

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12
Q

Describe the gastric phase of digestion?

A

Medicated by vagovagal reflexes

Account for =10% of pancreatic secretions

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13
Q

Describe the intestinal phase of digestion?

A

Controlled hormonally by secretin and CCK

Accounts for majority of pancreatic secretions =65%

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14
Q

What is CCK?

A

Plays a role of digestion of proteins and fats

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15
Q

What houses inactive digestive enzymes in acinar cells?

A

Zymogen granules

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16
Q

What causes the secretion of zymogen granules?

A

CCK, VIP and gastric releasing peptides

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17
Q

What happens when zymogen granules are activated?

A

They are exocytosed from acinar cells into the luminal space

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18
Q

What do acinar cells secrete?

A

Enzymes, sodium, potassium, chlorine and HCO3-

19
Q

What do ductal cells secrete?

A

Serous and HCO3-

20
Q

In acinar cells what do basolateral CCK and ACh binding stimulate?

A

Chlorine ion transport across the apical membrane

21
Q

What can acinar cells also facilitate?

A

Paracellular sodium and water movement

22
Q

What are the functions of intercalated ductal cells?

A

Secretin and ACh bind in ductal cells

Activates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators

Transporters recycle Cl- and HCO3-

23
Q

With an increase in flow rate from the pancreas, what happens to the ion concentration?

A

HCO3- increases

Cl- Decreases

Na+ and K+ unaffected

24
Q

Describe the location of the liver

A

Lies across upper abdomen, under diaphragm, surrounded by peritoneum

25
Q

What is the liver surrounded by?

A

Glisson’s capsule- thin connective tissue layer with extensions into the organ between the lobules

26
Q

What vein provides absorbed nutrients to the liver from the stomach and gut?

A

Hepatic portal vein

27
Q

What supplies the hepatocytes with oxygen?

A

Hepatic artery

28
Q

Where is the bile drained by?

A

Canaliculi, lies between the hepatocytes into bile ductules and eventually into bile ducts

29
Q

What vein drains the liver?

A

Hepatic veins, feeds into the inferior vena cava

30
Q

What separates the left and right lobes of liver?

A

Falciform ligament

31
Q

What lobe lies next to the gall bladder?

A

Quadrate lobe

32
Q

What is the area of the liver called that is contact with the diaphragm?

A

The bare area, no peritoneal covering

33
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Synthesis and secretion of bile, storage of glucose, glycogegn, proteins, vitamins and fats, detoxification, synthesis of blood clotting

34
Q

What are the constituents of bile?

A

Bilirubin (bile pigments), cholesterol, phopholipids, fatty acids, water and electrolytes

35
Q

Where are bile pigments derived from?

A

The breakdown products of haemoglobin

36
Q

What are bile salts?

A

Responsible for the detergent and emulsifying effect on bile on fats

37
Q

Describe the circulation of the hepatobiliary system

A

Liver produces and secretes bile, hepatocytes secrete bile into canaliculi, across bile ducts, the bile flow from hepatocytes is in opposite direction of blood from hepatic artery

38
Q

What controls the movement of bile into the duodenum or gall bladder?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

39
Q

What happens when the Sphincter of Oddi relaxes and contacts?

A

Con- gall bladder

Rel- duodenum

40
Q

What regulates SOO contraction?

A

CCK

41
Q

What stores and distributes bile?

A

Gallbladder

42
Q

What happens when the gall bladder contracts?

A

Expels bile in response to CCK

43
Q

What hormones inhibit bile acid secretion?

A

Somatostatin and noradrenaline

44
Q

What are some non-biliary liver functions?

A

Metabolism of CHO, protein fat

Detoxification, removal of ammonia and ethanol

Immune system function

Anatomy (20 decks)

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