Pancreas and Liver

Question 1

What are the exocrine functions of the liver and pancreas?

Answer 1

Accessory organs for intestines, provide excretions directly into small intestine lumen

Question 2

What are the endocrine functions of the liver and pancreas?

Answer 2

Regulate blood borne energy substrate availability

Question 3

Where are the digestive pro-enzymes secreted?

Answer 3

From the pancreatic duct to the 2nd part of duodenum

Question 4

What is the position of the pancreas?

Answer 4

Retroperitoneal, close to major blood vessels

Question 5

Where is the sphincter of Oddi?

Answer 5

Where the gall bladder meets the duodenum

Question 6

Where does the pancreas’ hepatic portal vein form?

Answer 6

At the L1 region, behind the neck region of the pancreas

Question 7

From what three arteries does blood enter the pancreas?

Answer 7

Ant and post superior pancreatico-duodenal arteries

Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery

Splenic artery

Question 8

What are the primary functions of the exocrine pancreas?

Answer 8

Neutralise acid

Deliver enzymes for macronutrient digestion in duodenum

Question 9

What are acinar cells?

Answer 9

Main secretory cells

Clusters are connected by intercalated ducts

Converge on collecting duct

Lining cells add ions and secretions

Question 10

What is exocrine pancrease regulation dependent on?

Answer 10

Phase of digestion

Question 11

Describe the cephalic phase of digestion?

Answer 11

Vagus nerves stimulates pancreatic secretions by releasing ACh and VIP

Question 12

Describe the gastric phase of digestion?

Answer 12

Medicated by vagovagal reflexes

Account for =10% of pancreatic secretions

Question 13

Describe the intestinal phase of digestion?

Answer 13

Controlled hormonally by secretin and CCK

Accounts for majority of pancreatic secretions =65%

Question 14

What is CCK?

Answer 14

Plays a role of digestion of proteins and fats

Question 15

What houses inactive digestive enzymes in acinar cells?

Answer 15

Zymogen granules

Question 16

What causes the secretion of zymogen granules?

Answer 16

CCK, VIP and gastric releasing peptides

Question 17

What happens when zymogen granules are activated?

Answer 17

They are exocytosed from acinar cells into the luminal space

Question 18

What do acinar cells secrete?

Answer 18

Enzymes, sodium, potassium, chlorine and HCO3-

Question 19

What do ductal cells secrete?

Answer 19

Serous and HCO3-

Question 20

In acinar cells what do basolateral CCK and ACh binding stimulate?

Answer 20

Chlorine ion transport across the apical membrane

Question 21

What can acinar cells also facilitate?

Answer 21

Paracellular sodium and water movement

Question 22

What are the functions of intercalated ductal cells?

Answer 22

Secretin and ACh bind in ductal cells

Activates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators

Transporters recycle Cl- and HCO3-

Question 23

With an increase in flow rate from the pancreas, what happens to the ion concentration?

Answer 23

HCO3- increases

Cl- Decreases

Na+ and K+ unaffected

Question 24

Describe the location of the liver

Answer 24

Lies across upper abdomen, under diaphragm, surrounded by peritoneum

Question 25

What is the liver surrounded by?

Answer 25

Glisson's capsule- thin connective tissue layer with extensions into the organ between the lobules

Question 26

What vein provides absorbed nutrients to the liver from the stomach and gut?

Answer 26

Hepatic portal vein

Question 27

What supplies the hepatocytes with oxygen?

Answer 27

Hepatic artery

Question 28

Where is the bile drained by?

Answer 28

Canaliculi, lies between the hepatocytes into bile ductules and eventually into bile ducts

Question 29

What vein drains the liver?

Answer 29

Hepatic veins, feeds into the inferior vena cava

Question 30

What separates the left and right lobes of liver?

Answer 30

Falciform ligament

Question 31

What lobe lies next to the gall bladder?

Answer 31

Quadrate lobe

Question 32

What is the area of the liver called that is contact with the diaphragm?

Answer 32

The bare area, no peritoneal covering

Question 33

What are the functions of the liver?

Answer 33

Synthesis and secretion of bile, storage of glucose, glycogegn, proteins, vitamins and fats, detoxification, synthesis of blood clotting

Question 34

What are the constituents of bile?

Answer 34

Bilirubin (bile pigments), cholesterol, phopholipids, fatty acids, water and electrolytes

Question 35

Where are bile pigments derived from?

Answer 35

The breakdown products of haemoglobin

Question 36

What are bile salts?

Answer 36

Responsible for the detergent and emulsifying effect on bile on fats

Question 37

Describe the circulation of the hepatobiliary system

Answer 37

Liver produces and secretes bile, hepatocytes secrete bile into canaliculi, across bile ducts, the bile flow from hepatocytes is in opposite direction of blood from hepatic artery

Question 38

What controls the movement of bile into the duodenum or gall bladder?

Answer 38

Sphincter of Oddi

Question 39

What happens when the Sphincter of Oddi relaxes and contacts?

Answer 39

Con- gall bladder Rel- duodenum

Question 40

What regulates SOO contraction?

Answer 40

CCK

Question 41

What stores and distributes bile?

Answer 41

Gallbladder

Question 42

What happens when the gall bladder contracts?

Answer 42

Expels bile in response to CCK

Question 43

What hormones inhibit bile acid secretion?

Answer 43

Somatostatin and noradrenaline

Question 44

What are some non-biliary liver functions?

Answer 44

Metabolism of CHO, protein fat Detoxification, removal of ammonia and ethanol Immune system function