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Anatomy > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two gonads?

A

Female- ovaries

Male-testes

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2
Q

Describe the male gonad?

A

male gonad.
1- Testes
2- Each testis is surrounded by the tunica vaginalis
3- Suspended in scrotum to keep cooler than body temperature, usually at ~35C
4- Sperm passes through the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis
5- Scrotum is rugose (wrinkled) and contains dartos (smooth) muscle. It is divided by septum.

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3
Q

Describe the female gonad

A

1- Ovaries (and uterus)
2- Each ovary lies on a lateral pelvic wall
3- During ovulation, the ovum is picked up by the fimbriated end of the uterine or Fallopian tube
4- When fertilized, the ovum is implanted in the uterus and grows there
5- The uterus is a pear-shaped, central pelvic organ where the fetus grows
6- Uterine ligaments pass from the uterus and cervix to the sacrum

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4
Q

What do male gonads produce and how?

A

Sperm by spermatogenesis

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5
Q

What do female gonads produce and how?

A

Oocytes by oogenesis

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6
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

A

GnRH, LH and FSH target ovaries and Leydig cells to release progesterone/oestradiol and testosterone respectively

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7
Q

What two groups of hormones do ovaries release?`

A

1- Progestins

2- Oestrogens

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8
Q

What are the main hypothalamic areas involved in ovarian control?

A

1- Preoptic nucleus neurons

2- Supraoptic nucleus

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9
Q

What is GnRH?

A

1- Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
2- Released from preoptic nucleus neurons and supraoptic nucleus neurons
3- Produced as a prohormone which is later on modified into its active form
4- Secreted into hypophyseal portal system

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10
Q

Where is GnRH released into?

A

1- Hypophyseal portal system

2- To anterior pituitary gonadotrobes

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11
Q

Why is GnRH release pulsatile (burst-like manner)?

A

1- Requires less energy
2- Does not desensitise target tissue receptors
3- Can be influenced by stress and other inputs

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12
Q

What is the role of anterior pituitary gonadotrobes?

A

1- Receive GnRH from hypophyseal portal system

2- Secrete LH and FSH to targer the gonads

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13
Q

What are the five different stages of development of oocytes?

A 
1- Primordial
2- Primary 
3- Secondary
4- Tertiary
5- Graafian follicles
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14
Q

Where are ovarian endocrine functions found?

A

1- Theca cells

2- Granulosa cells

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15
Q

What are theca cells?

A

1- Superficial layer of the follicle
2- Contain LH receptors
3- Convert cholesterol to prenenelone
4- Produce androstenedione and testosterone

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16
Q

What are granulosa cells?

A

1- Layer deeper to theca cell
2- Increases in size during primary to secondary follicle development
3- Contain LH and FSH receptors
4- Convert cholesterol to prenenelone
5- When FSH is received, activates aromatase which facilitates formation of oestradiol
6- Produce and oestradiol

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17
Q

When do thecal and granulosa cells interact?

A

Thecal cells donate testosterone androstenedione to granulosa cells so they can produce estradiol which is released into circulation

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18
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

1- Fetal stage of female
2- Primordial germ cells, or oogonia, increase in number
3- Many oogonia mature into oocytes

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19
Q

When do oocyte numbers reach their maximum?

A

~20 weeks gestation

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20
Q

What are the three main oestrogens?

A

1- Oestradiol
2- Oestrone
3- Oestriol

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21
Q

What is the effect of oestrogens on bone?

A

Increase bone growth via osteoblasts

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22
Q

What is the effect of oestrogens on the endocrine system?

A

Increase progesterone responses

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23
Q

What is the effect of oestrogens on the liver?

A

1- Increase clotting factors
2- Increase steroid-binding proteins
3- Decrease LDL
4- Increase HDL

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24
Q

What is the effect of oestrogens on the reproductive organs?

A

1- Increase uterine growth
2- Increase vaginal and fallopian tube growth
3- Increase breast growth
4- Increase cervical mucus secretion
5- Increase LH receptors on granulosa cells

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25
Q

What are interrelated feedback loops?

A

Mechanism which provides negative feedback until midcycle, where it switches to positive feedback

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26
Q

What causes the mid-cycle shift of negative feedback to positive feedback?

A

1- Receptors, such as GnRH receptors in the anterior pituitary, increase in number and are regulated in response to increased oestrogen levels

27
Q

What comes as a result of the mid-cycle shift of negative feedback to positive feedback?

A

LH and FSH surge prior to ovulation

28
Q

What are the two main types of progestins?

A

1- Progesterone

2- 17α-hydroxyprogesterone

29
Q

Where are progestins produced?

A

1- Theca cells

2- Granulosa cells

30
Q

What are progestins’ half life?

A

5 minutes in circulations

31
Q

What regulates progestin secretion?

A

Oestrogen secretion

32
Q

What is the effect of progestins on breasts?

A

1- Increased lobular development

2- Decreased milk production

33
Q

What is the effect of progestins on the reproductive organs?

A

1- Decreased endometrial growth
2- Increased endometrial secretions
3- Mucosal secretions become thicker

34
Q

What is the effect of progestins on the body temperature?

A

1- Increased internal temperature

35
Q

What are the two parts of the menstrual cycle?

A

1- Ovarian cycle

2- Endometrial cycle

36
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

1- Follicular phase

2- Luteal phase

37
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A

1- Development of mature Graafian follicle

2- Development of secondary oocyte

38
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

1- Dominated by corpus luteum synthesising and secreting oestrogen and progesterone which are needed for implantation and maintenance of fertilised oocytes
2- Corpus luteum then regresses and degenerates in 10 to 12 days if no fertilisation occurs

39
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if no fertilisation occurs?

A

Regresses and degenerates in 10-12 days

40
Q

What hormones are needed for the implantation and maintenance of a fertilised oocyte?

A

1- Progesterone

2- Oestrogen

41
Q

What are the three phases of the endometrial cycle?

A

1- Proliferative phase
2- Secretory phase
3- Menstruation (if no conception)

42
Q

What happens in the proliferative phase?

A

1- Endomertial growth is mediated by increased oestrogens levels
2- Endometrium grows from 1-2mm thick to 8-10 mm thick
3- Blood vessels and glands grow
4- End of phase is marked by ovulation
5- Progestins aid in conversion from proliferative to secretory phase

43
Q

What is the role of progestins in the endometrial cycle?

A

1- Aid in conversion from proliferative to secretory phase

44
Q

At what phase does ovulation happen?

A

End of proliferative phase

45
Q

What happens in the secretory phase?

A

1- Maturation of endometrium due to decreased levels of oestrogens
2- Mucus glands develop more fully
3- Blood vessels and glands increase surface area

46
Q

What happens in menstruation?

A

1- If no conception/fertilisation occurs, endomertrial lining is replaced
2- Spiral arteries vasoconstrict
3- Local ischaemic injury
4- Inflammatory cell infiltration

47
Q

What is lactation?

A

Milk production and secretion

48
Q

How does breast tissue undergo growth during puberty?

A

Female gonadal hormones

49
Q

How does breast tissue undergo growth during pregnancy?

A

1- Oestrogens
2- Progestins
3- hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) from fetus

50
Q

What is milk production mediated by?

A

Prolactin

51
Q

What is milk ‘let-down’ mediated by?

A

Oxytocin

52
Q

Where are testicular endocrine functions found?

A

1- Leydig cells

2- Sertoli cells

53
Q

What hormones cause embryonic development of male genitals and accessory organs?

A

1- Testosterone

2- Dihydrotestosterone

54
Q

What are Leydig cells?

A

1- Cells present next to seminiferous tubules
2- Produce testosterone when stimulated by LH
3- Sends testosterone to Sertoli cell

55
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

1- Coiled tubules found in the testes
2- Produce sperm
3- House Sertoli cells

56
Q

What does FSH stimulate in the testes?

A

Activation of aromatase to produce estradiol

57
Q

What is the role of estradiol in the testes?

A

Help regulate protein synthesis in the nucleus of Leydig cells

58
Q

What are the five stages of development of sperm?

A 
1- Spermatogonia
2- Primary spermatocytes
3- Secondary spermatocytes
4- Spermatids
5- Spermatozoa
59
Q

What regulates spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone

60
Q

What is the effect of testosterone on bone?

A

1- Increased growth of bone

2- Increased growth of connective tissue

61
Q

What is the effect of testosterone on muscle?

A

1- Increased growth of muscle

2- Increased growth of connective tissue

62
Q

What is the effect of testosterone on the reproductive organs?

A

1- Increased growth and development of testes
2- Increased growth and development of prostate
3- Increased growth and development of seminal vesicles
4- Increased growth and development of penis
5- Increased growth of facial, axillary and pubic hair
6- Increased growth of larync
7- Increased levels of spermatogenesis

63
Q

What is the effect of testosterone on skin?

A

1- Increased sebaceous gland size and secretions

Anatomy (20 decks)

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