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Anatomy > The Back- Bones, Joints and Muscles > Flashcards

The Back- Bones, Joints and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the vertebrae?

A

Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs.

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2
Q

What does the vertebral column enable?

A

Upright posture.

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3
Q

What does the vertebral column support?

A

Body weight and the skull and allows for its movements.

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4
Q

What does the vertebral column protect?

A

Protect and transmits spinal cord and spinal nerves.

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5
Q

How is the vertebral column involved in locomotion?

A

Provides attachment for trunk muscles.

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6
Q

What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Has primary (Kyphosis) and secondary (lordosis) curvatures.

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7
Q

When are only primary curvatures present?

A

In-utero.

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8
Q

What is the structure of the primary curvatures?

A

Concave anteriorly(kyphosis) and remains in the thoracic and sacral regions.

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9
Q

Are secondary curvatures present in-utero?

A

No, they do not develop until the infant lifts their head and stands to walk.

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10
Q

What are the structures of the secondary curvatures?

A

Concave posteriorly (lordosis) and are in cervical and lumbar regions.

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11
Q

What is present in the typical vertebra?

A

Vertebral body, intervertebral surface, vertebral arch and vertebral foramen.

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12
Q

What is included in the vertebral arch?

A

Pedicle and lamina

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13
Q

What are susceptible to arthritis and back pain?

A

Articular facets and joint.

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14
Q

What is the structure of regional vertebra?

A

Small body, uncinate processes, transverse foramen, bifid spinous process and superior articular facets.

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15
Q

Where is the uncinate process?

A

At lateral edges, synovial articulation with vertebra above.

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16
Q

What is the structure of superior articular facets?

A

Flat and facing superiorly and posteriorly.

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17
Q

What movement do the regional vertebra permit?

A

Flexion, with some lateral flexion.

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18
Q

How many C regional vertebra are there?

A

2- C1 and C2

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19
Q

What is the name of the C1 regional vertebra?

A

Atlas

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20
Q

What is the name of the C2 regional vertebra?

A

Axis

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21
Q

What are the facets called in the atlas regional vertebra?

A

Superior articular facet and the inferior articular facet.

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22
Q

What is the function of the superior articular facet on the atlas?

A

To articulate with the occipital condyles.

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23
Q

What are the occipital condyles?

A

Each of the two rounded knobs at the base of the skull which articulate with the first vertebra.

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24
Q

What is the function of the inferior articular facet?

A

To articulate with axis.

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25
Q

What is the groove in the atlas regional vertebra for?

A

The vertebral artery.

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26
Q

What are the part of the axis regional vertebra?

A

Body and superior articular facets.

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27
Q

What is the body of the axis regional vertebra associated with?

A

The Odontoid process or Dens.

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28
Q

What is the function of the body of the axis regional vertebra?

A

For articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas

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29
Q

What is the function of the superior articular facets in the axis regional vertebra?

A

They are flat to articulate with inferior facets of the atlas.

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30
Q

What movement is the axis regional vertebra involved in?

A

Rotation of the head and neck at the atlanto-axial joint.

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31
Q

What are the parts of the thoracic regional vertebra?

A

Superior articular facets, transverse process and costal demi-facets.

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32
Q

What is the structure of the superior articular facets in the thoracic regional vertebra?

A

Flat and facing postero-laterally, on the arc of the circle.

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33
Q

What is the function of the superior articular facets in the thoracic regional vertebra?

A

Allows rotation.

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34
Q

What is the transverse process in the thoracic regional vertebra?

A

Long and with a facet for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib.

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35
Q

What is the function of the costal demi-facets in the thoracic regional vertebra?

A

Upper for articulation with head of own rib, and lower with the rib below.

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36
Q

What is the shape of the thoracic vertebra?

A

Heart shaped body and circular vertebral canal.

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37
Q

What orientation are the thoracic vertebrae in?

A

Long, downward projected, overlapping spinous processes.

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38
Q

Which regional vertebra has the largest body?

A

The lumbar regional vertebra.

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39
Q

What are the properties of the lumbar regional vertebrae?

A

Spine, sturdy, stumpy and quadrangular.

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40
Q

What is the function of the superior articular facets in the lumbar regional vertebrae?

A

They are concave and facing posteromedially, interlocking with inferior facets.

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41
Q

What movements do the lumbar regional vertebrae permit?

A

Extension is the greatest movement. Allows for some flexion and lateral flexion, but no rotation.

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42
Q

What forms the sacrum regional vertebrae?

A

Formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae.

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43
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

The anterior projection of S1 regional vertebra.

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44
Q

What is the median crest of the sacrum regional vertebra formed of?

A

Union of spinous processes.

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45
Q

What is the intermediate crest of the sacrum regional vertebra called?

A

Articular processes.

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46
Q

What is the lateral crest of the sacrum regional vertebra called?

A

Transverse processes.

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47
Q

What is the n shaped cleft at the bottom of the sacrum regional vertebra?

A

The sacral hiatus.

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48
Q

What are the zygapophyseal (facet) joints?

A

Synovial joints between articular processes.

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49
Q

What is the joint between endplates and the intervertebral discs?

A

Symphysis or secondary cartilaginous joint.

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50
Q

What emerges through the intervertebral foramen?

A

The spinal nerve.

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51
Q

What is the intervertebral disc formed by?

A

Superior and inferior vertebral notches, with contribution from the disc.

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52
Q

What is the overall structure of the intervertebral disc?

A

Consists of an outer annulus fibrosus, which surrounds a central nucleus pulposus.

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53
Q

What is the composition of the nucleus pulposus?

A

Gelatinous, 70-90% water.

54
Q

What is the function of the nucleus pulposus?

A

Absorbs compressive forces between vertebrae.

55
Q

What happens to the collagen content in the nucleus pulposus?

A

Relative collagen content increases with age.

56
Q

What is the structure of the annulus fibrosus?

A

Very strong, concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage.

57
Q

What keeps the annulus fibrosus in place?

A

Attached and kept in place by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.

58
Q

What is the function of the anulus fibrosus?

A

To contain and protect soft material located in the centre of the disc.

59
Q

What does articular cartilage form in the intervertebral disc?

A

The symphysis between adjacent vertebral bodies on each vertebral body.

60
Q

How much of the length of the column do the intervertebral discs contribute?

A

20-25%.

61
Q

What do the intervertebral discs contribute to?

A

To the shape of the spinal curvatures.

62
Q

How is the outside of the intervertebral disc supplied with nutrients?

A

The periphery is supplied by neighbouring capillaries.

63
Q

How is the inside of the intervertebral disc supplied with nutrients?

A

Centre is nourished by diffusion from the body of the vertebra.

64
Q

When might the discs deform?

A

To allow movement between vertebral bodies

65
Q

What is the effects of deformation of the intervertebral discs?

A

Deforms and puts pressure on the nucleus pulposus as well as weakening the annulus fibrosus.

66
Q

What would happen if the nucleus of a disc is herniated or prolapses?

A

Compression of the spinal cord, cauda equina and emerging spinal nerve.

67
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

A bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets.

68
Q

What does the cauda equina arise from?

A

The lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris of the spinal cord.

69
Q

What does the cauda equina consist of?

A

2-5 lumbar nerve pairs, 1-5 sacral nerve pairs and the coccygeal nerve.

70
Q

Which direction are most disc herniations?

A

Posterolateral, towards the intervertebral foramen

71
Q

Why is the herniation of a disc posterolateral?

A

The central position of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

72
Q

Which aspect of the foramen does the disc form?

A

The anterior aspect.

73
Q

Can the spinal nerve escape injury in a prolapsing disc?

A

Yes, the spinal nerve is inferior and emerges above the prolapsing disc.

74
Q

What is the position of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

It is a broad band on the anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae.

75
Q

Where does the longitudinal ligament extend to?

A

Between atlas to the sacrum.

76
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Limits extension.

77
Q

What do the anterior atlanto-axial and atlanto-occitital membranes form?

A

They continue downwards as anterior longitudinal ligament.

78
Q

Where does the tectorial membrane extend?

A

Between the foramen magnum and C2.

79
Q

What is the position of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

A narrow band on the posterior surfaces of bodies of vertebrae.

80
Q

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Between C2 to the sacrum.

81
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Resists hyper-flexion.

82
Q

Where is the ligamenta flava?

A

Between vertebral laminae.

83
Q

What is the function of the ligamenta flava?

A

Limits sudden flexion and support the curvatures.

84
Q

What does the ligamenta flava becoma?

A

Continues superiorly as the posterior atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital membranes.

85
Q

Where are intertransverse ligaments?

A

Between all transverse processes.

86
Q

Where are supraspinous ligaments?

A

Between tips of spines and run between sacrum to C7.

87
Q

Where is the ligamentum nuchae?

A

Extends between external occipital protuberance and posterior edge of foramen magnum, down to C7.

88
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

Limits flexion and provides muscle attachment.

89
Q

Where are the interspinous ligaments?

A

Between all spinous processes.

90
Q

Where are the alar ligaments?

A

From sides of dens to sides of foramen magnum

91
Q

What is the function of alar ligaments?

A

Prevent excessive rotation.

92
Q

What is the function of the transverse ligament?

A

Keeps the dens close to the anterior arch.

93
Q

What forms the cruciate ligament?

A

Transverse ligament and superior and inferior longitudinal fascicles.

94
Q

What do arteries form?

A

Anastomotic rings.

95
Q

Where do the anastomotic rings arise from?

A

The vertebral arteries and posterior intercostal and lumbar branches of the aorta.

96
Q

What is the structure of the vein system in the vertebral column?

A

There are the internal and external venous plexus.

97
Q

What do the venous plexuses do?

A

Coalesce and drain to the veins equivalent to the arteries.

98
Q

What are the types of muscle in the back?

A

Extrinsic or intrinsic based on embryological origin and innervation.

99
Q

Where are the extrinsic muscles?

A

Superficial.

100
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles involved in?

A

With movements of the upper limbs and thoracic wall.

101
Q

What innervates the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves.

102
Q

Where are intrinsic muscles located?

A

Deep, between the spinous processes and the angle of the ribs.

103
Q

How are the intrinsic muscles adapted?

A

To provide support and movement in resistance to the effect of gravity.

104
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles move?

A

The vertebral column and participate in moving the head.

105
Q

What innervates the intrinsic back muscles?

A

The posterior rami of spinal nerves.

106
Q

What movements is the trapezius involved in?

A

Extends neck, retract scapulae, upper fibres elevate, shoulders in abduction and lower fibres depress shoulder.

107
Q

Where is the trapezius?

A

Skull, ligamentum nuchae and spines of C7 to T12, to scapula and clavicle.

108
Q

What movements is the latissimus dorsi involved in?

A

Shoulder extension and adduction.

109
Q

What nerve supplies the trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve.

110
Q

What does the latissimus dorsi cover?

A

Iliac crest, fascia, spines T6 to T12, lower ribs, to humerus.

111
Q

Which nerve supplies the latissimus dorsi?

A

Nerve to latissimus dorsi- thoracodorsal.

112
Q

Which muscle is involved in scapular elevation?

A

Levator scapulae.

113
Q

What muscle is involved in scapular retraction and elevation?

A

Rhomboid major and minor.

114
Q

Which muscle is involved in inspiration?

A

Serratus posterior superior.

115
Q

Which muscle is involved in expiration?

A

Serratus posterior inferior.

116
Q

What muscles are in the superficial layer of the neck?

A

Splenius capitis and cervicis.

117
Q

Acting together what action do the superficial muscles of the neck do?

A

Extend the neck.

118
Q

Acting alone what action do the superficial muscles of the neck do?

A

Rotate and laterally flex.

119
Q

What is in the intermediate layer of muscle in the back?

A

The erector spinae arranged in 3 columns.

120
Q

What are the 3 columns of the erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis.

121
Q

What are the 3 parts of the transversospinalis?

A

Rotatores, multifidus and semispinalis.

122
Q

What are the muscles deep to the semispinalis capitis?

A

Obliquus capitis superior and inferior and rectus capitis superior and inferior.

123
Q

What is the function of the sub-occipital triangle?

A

Transmits vertebral artery and veins as well as the suboccipital nerve.

124
Q

Adequacy

A

can you see all seven cerviacl vertebrae + the top of T1

125
Q

Alignment

A

Draw three vertical “parallel” lines along the anterior + [ (posterior border of the 7 vertebral bodies and a third through the base of each spinous spinous process

126
Q

Asymmetery

A

Look for any abnormalties between the 7 vertebrae

127
Q

What is the ligament which extends down the lamina of the verteabral column?

A

Ligamentum flavum

128
Q

what is Listhesis (spondylo)

A

Forward movemetn of the body of one vertebrae on the vertebra below it

129
Q

Ligaement the holds the dons in place in the atlas

A

Transverse ligament

130
Q

what does DEXA stand for

A

Dual energy x-ray absotptiometry

131
Q

important questions relating to (back) pain PQRST

A
  • Provocative and palliatve factors
  • Quality of pain: Burning, dull, sharpetc
  • Radation
  • Severity and systematic symtoms
  • Timing (how long?)
132
Q

What does DEXA do

A

measures bone mineral density

Anatomy (20 decks)

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