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Anatomy > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different basic structures of the respiratory tract starting from the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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2
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

Above suprasternal notch, starts at C6 and ends at T 4/5 at carina

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3
Q

What supports the trachea’s shape?

A

The C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

What is does “anatomical dead space” refer to in relation to the respiratory tract?

A

No gas exchange function

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5
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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6
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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7
Q

After the trachea, what is the next structure of the airway?

A

The right and left main bronchus

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8
Q

Why is the right main bronchus slightly more vertical, shorter and wider than the left?

A

because the right lung does have to make space for the heart so is bigger

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9
Q

Where are foreign bodies most likely to end up?

A

The right lung due to its different shape

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10
Q

What does the left main bronchus split into?

A

Left superior and inferior lobar bronchus

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11
Q

What does the right main bronchus split into?

A

Right superior, middle and lower lobar bronchus

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12
Q

What do each of the lobar bronchus split into?

A

Segmental bronchi

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13
Q

What does the bronchi split into?

A

Conduction bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles then alveoli

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14
Q

What is the main characteristic of the histology of the respiratory tract?

A

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells for mucous secretion

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15
Q

What three other layers of cells line the trachea?

A

Smooth muscle-control diameter

Submucosal glands

Fibro-elastic support

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16
Q

What is the difference in histology between the bronchi and trachea?

A

The bronchi is flatter as the height is decreased compared to the trachea

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17
Q

Describe the histology of the bronchiole

A

Epithelium is a ciliated columnar with a surrounding band of smooth muscle

Held open by surrounding lung tissue

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18
Q

Describe the histology of the terminal and respiratory bronchioles

A

Non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium

Gas exchange begins to occure

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19
Q

Describe the histology of alveoli

A

Seperated from one another be septae (alveolar wall)

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20
Q

What is pleura?

A

Membrane which covers/lines the organs within the cavity as well as the cavity walls

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21
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the layers of pleura- contains fluid to lubricate the movements of the organ

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22
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

Refers to the pleura covering the lungs

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23
Q

What does mediastinal pleura cover?

A

The pleura surrounding the middle part of the lungs, where the heart would sit between

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24
Q

What does the diaphragmatic pleura cover?

A

The part in contact with the diaphragm

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25
Q

What is parietal pleura?

A

The membranes which cover/line to cavity walls

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26
Q

What are the different parietal pleuras in the lungs?

A

Cervical, costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic

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27
Q

How are the parietal and visceral layers created?

A

Punching a balloon analogy

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28
Q

What separates the two lungs?

A

The mediastinum

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29
Q

What fissure lies between the superior and inferior lobe?

A

Oblique

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30
Q

What is the lingula?

A

Allowing space for the heart to sit in the cardiac notch

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31
Q

What is the hillum?

A

Where the pulmonary artery, vein and lymph nodes enter the lungs

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32
Q

What separates the superior and middle lobes on the right lung?

A

Horizontal/transverse

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33
Q

Why is the structure of the left lung narrower and longer?

A

To allow space for mediastinum

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34
Q

How do you identify the different vessels coming into the hilum?

A

The cartilage surrounding them

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35
Q

Where does the apex of the lung begin?

A

Above the rib cage

36
Q

What must inhalation and inspiration do?

A

Increase the diameters of the thorax to create a negative pressure

37
Q

What does diaphragmatic contraction do?

A

Causes the thorax to descend, increasing its vertical diameter

38
Q

What does rib elevation do?

A

Pushes the sternum up and forward, and the ribs outward, to increase anteroposterior and lateral diameters

39
Q

What are the muscles between the ribs called?

A

Intercostal muscles

40
Q

Describe the structure of the diaphragm

A

Muscular at its periphery but is tendious centrally

Left and right domes

Motor and sensory supply is by the phrenic nerve

41
Q

When does a pneumothorax occur?

A

When air enters into the pleural cavity, results in a collapsed lung

42
Q

How do you fix a collapsed lung?

A

A needle is inserted just above the rib to allow the lung to expand again

43
Q

What is respiration?

A

Providing oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide through inhalation and exhalation

44
Q

What are the superior structures of the nose?

A

Root, dorsum and apex of the nose

Naris (nostril)

Nasal septum

Ala of nose

45
Q

What bone lies above the nose?

A

Nasal part of frontal bone

46
Q

What bone lies under the frontal bone?

A

Nasal bone

47
Q

What lies under the nasal bone?

A

Frontal process of maxilla

48
Q

What lies under the frontal process of maxilla?

A

Lateral process

49
Q

What lies under the lateral process?

A

Accessory nasal cartilage

50
Q

What lies under the accessory nasal cartilage?

A

Septal nasal cartilage

51
Q

What lies under the septal nasal cartilage?

A

Major alar cartilage

52
Q

What id thr nasal septum?

A

A midline structure which separates the left and right nasal cavities

53
Q

What lies at the front of the nasal septum?

A

Septal cartilage

54
Q

What makes the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Hard and soft palates

55
Q

What is the lateral side of the nasal cavity called?

A

Nasal conchae

56
Q

What filters, humidifies and warms air?

A

The 3 nasal conchae

57
Q

What are the three conchae called?

A

Superior, middle and inferior conchrae

58
Q

What does the nasal septum hang over?

A

The meati

59
Q

What sinuses can be found in the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary and sphenoidal

60
Q

What is clearance of mucus dependent on in the nasal sinuses?

A

Ciliary action, could be compromised by infection, possibly leading to sinusitis

61
Q

What can happen to the septum to cause sinusitis?

A

It deviates

62
Q

What do sinuses assist in?

A

Warming incoming air

63
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct do?

A

Enters nasal cavity to drain tears from the conjunctiva of the eye

64
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

Connection or opening between two things that are normally diverging or branching, ie blood vessels

65
Q

Where do the vessels anastamose in the nasal cavity?

A

Between the branches of the external and internal carotids

66
Q

What are the nerves that detect smell and where can they be found?

A

Offactory nerves in offactory epithelium found in the offactory bulb

Roof and upper part of the lateral wall

67
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A tube of fibrous and muscular tissue

68
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx- nasal cavity

Oropharynx- oral cavity

Laryngopharynx- the larynx

69
Q

Describe the nasopharynx

A

Transports air

Divided from oropharynx by soft palate

70
Q

Describe the oropharynx

A

Transports air plus food and fluid

71
Q

Describe the laryngopharynx

A

Where food and fluid goes

72
Q

What is the larynx?

A

A membranous tube suspended between cartilages. Laryngeal diameters may be altered to allow the passage of air only, and control airflow for speech and raising intra-abdominal pressure

73
Q

What are the larygneal cartilages?

A

Epiglottic, thyroid, arytenoid and cricoid

74
Q

What is the cricothyroid membrane the site of?

A

Emergency access to the airway

75
Q

What are the key laryngeal folds?

A

Ary-epioglottic fold, quadrangular membrane, vestibular and vocal fold

76
Q

What is the function of the ary-epiglottic fold?

A

Aids closure of widening of the laryngeal inlet

77
Q

What do the ary-epiglottic folds form?

A

Laryngeal inlet

78
Q

What lubricates the vocal folds?

A

Saccule- full of mucosal glands within the opening of the laryngeal ventricle

79
Q

What are the functions of the vocal folds?

A

Control the laryngeal diameter for speech, coughing, sneezing and raising the intra-abdominal pressure

80
Q

What muscles narrow or widen the vocal folds?

A

Rima glottidis

81
Q

What are the main actions of the laryngeal muscles?

A

Close/open ary-epiglottic folds

Close/open the rima glottidis

Shorten/lengthen the vocal folds

82
Q

What is the only muscle that opens the rima glottidis?

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid

83
Q

What does the superior laryngeal nerve supply?

A

1 muscle and sensation above vocal cords

84
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve do?

A

Supplies all other muscles and sensation of vocal cords and below

85
Q

Where is the trachea?

A

Front of oesophagus, medial to carotid arteries and internal jugular veins, inferior to larynx, thyroid gland surrounds the upper portion

86
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Right and left main bronchi

Anatomy (20 decks)

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