Respiratory system

Question 1

What are the different basic structures of the respiratory tract starting from the nasal cavity?

Answer 1

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 2

Where is the trachea located?

Answer 2

Above suprasternal notch, starts at C6 and ends at T 4/5 at carina

Question 3

What supports the trachea’s shape?

Answer 3

The C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Question 4

What is does “anatomical dead space” refer to in relation to the respiratory tract?

Answer 4

No gas exchange function

Question 5

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 6

3

Question 7

After the trachea, what is the next structure of the airway?

Answer 7

The right and left main bronchus

Question 8

Why is the right main bronchus slightly more vertical, shorter and wider than the left?

Answer 8

because the right lung does have to make space for the heart so is bigger

Question 9

Where are foreign bodies most likely to end up?

Answer 9

The right lung due to its different shape

Question 10

What does the left main bronchus split into?

Answer 10

Left superior and inferior lobar bronchus

Question 11

What does the right main bronchus split into?

Answer 11

Right superior, middle and lower lobar bronchus

Question 12

What do each of the lobar bronchus split into?

Answer 12

Segmental bronchi

Question 13

What does the bronchi split into?

Answer 13

Conduction bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles then alveoli

Question 14

What is the main characteristic of the histology of the respiratory tract?

Answer 14

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells for mucous secretion

Question 15

What three other layers of cells line the trachea?

Answer 15

Smooth muscle-control diameter

Submucosal glands

Fibro-elastic support

Question 16

What is the difference in histology between the bronchi and trachea?

Answer 16

The bronchi is flatter as the height is decreased compared to the trachea

Question 17

Describe the histology of the bronchiole

Answer 17

Epithelium is a ciliated columnar with a surrounding band of smooth muscle

Held open by surrounding lung tissue

Question 18

Describe the histology of the terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Answer 18

Non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium

Gas exchange begins to occure

Question 19

Describe the histology of alveoli

Answer 19

Seperated from one another be septae (alveolar wall)

Question 20

What is pleura?

Answer 20

Membrane which covers/lines the organs within the cavity as well as the cavity walls

Question 21

What is the pleural cavity?

Answer 21

The space between the layers of pleura- contains fluid to lubricate the movements of the organ

Question 22

What is the visceral pleura?

Answer 22

Refers to the pleura covering the lungs

Question 23

What does mediastinal pleura cover?

Answer 23

The pleura surrounding the middle part of the lungs, where the heart would sit between

Question 24

What does the diaphragmatic pleura cover?

Answer 24

The part in contact with the diaphragm

Question 25

What is parietal pleura?

Answer 25

The membranes which cover/line to cavity walls

Question 26

What are the different parietal pleuras in the lungs?

Answer 26

Cervical, costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic

Question 27

How are the parietal and visceral layers created?

Answer 27

Punching a balloon analogy

Question 28

What separates the two lungs?

Answer 28

The mediastinum

Question 29

What fissure lies between the superior and inferior lobe?

Answer 29

Oblique

Question 30

What is the lingula?

Answer 30

Allowing space for the heart to sit in the cardiac notch

Question 31

What is the hillum?

Answer 31

Where the pulmonary artery, vein and lymph nodes enter the lungs

Question 32

What separates the superior and middle lobes on the right lung?

Answer 32

Horizontal/transverse

Question 33

Why is the structure of the left lung narrower and longer?

Answer 33

To allow space for mediastinum

Question 34

How do you identify the different vessels coming into the hilum?

Answer 34

The cartilage surrounding them

Question 35

Where does the apex of the lung begin?

Answer 35

Above the rib cage

Question 36

What must inhalation and inspiration do?

Answer 36

Increase the diameters of the thorax to create a negative pressure

Question 37

What does diaphragmatic contraction do?

Answer 37

Causes the thorax to descend, increasing its vertical diameter

Question 38

What does rib elevation do?

Answer 38

Pushes the sternum up and forward, and the ribs outward, to increase anteroposterior and lateral diameters

Question 39

What are the muscles between the ribs called?

Answer 39

Intercostal muscles

Question 40

Describe the structure of the diaphragm

Answer 40

Muscular at its periphery but is tendious centrally Left and right domes Motor and sensory supply is by the phrenic nerve

Question 41

When does a pneumothorax occur?

Answer 41

When air enters into the pleural cavity, results in a collapsed lung

Question 42

How do you fix a collapsed lung?

Answer 42

A needle is inserted just above the rib to allow the lung to expand again

Question 43

What is respiration?

Answer 43

Providing oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide through inhalation and exhalation

Question 44

What are the superior structures of the nose?

Answer 44

Root, dorsum and apex of the nose Naris (nostril) Nasal septum Ala of nose

Question 45

What bone lies above the nose?

Answer 45

Nasal part of frontal bone

Question 46

What bone lies under the frontal bone?

Answer 46

Nasal bone

Question 47

What lies under the nasal bone?

Answer 47

Frontal process of maxilla

Question 48

What lies under the frontal process of maxilla?

Answer 48

Lateral process

Question 49

What lies under the lateral process?

Answer 49

Accessory nasal cartilage

Question 50

What lies under the accessory nasal cartilage?

Answer 50

Septal nasal cartilage

Question 51

What lies under the septal nasal cartilage?

Answer 51

Major alar cartilage

Question 52

What id thr nasal septum?

Answer 52

A midline structure which separates the left and right nasal cavities

Question 53

What lies at the front of the nasal septum?

Answer 53

Septal cartilage

Question 54

What makes the floor of the nasal cavity?

Answer 54

Hard and soft palates

Question 55

What is the lateral side of the nasal cavity called?

Answer 55

Nasal conchae

Question 56

What filters, humidifies and warms air?

Answer 56

The 3 nasal conchae

Question 57

What are the three conchae called?

Answer 57

Superior, middle and inferior conchrae

Question 58

What does the nasal septum hang over?

Answer 58

The meati

Question 59

What sinuses can be found in the nasal cavity?

Answer 59

Ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary and sphenoidal

Question 60

What is clearance of mucus dependent on in the nasal sinuses?

Answer 60

Ciliary action, could be compromised by infection, possibly leading to sinusitis

Question 61

What can happen to the septum to cause sinusitis?

Answer 61

It deviates

Question 62

What do sinuses assist in?

Answer 62

Warming incoming air

Question 63

What does the nasolacrimal duct do?

Answer 63

Enters nasal cavity to drain tears from the conjunctiva of the eye

Question 64

What is anastomosis?

Answer 64

Connection or opening between two things that are normally diverging or branching, ie blood vessels

Question 65

Where do the vessels anastamose in the nasal cavity?

Answer 65

Between the branches of the external and internal carotids

Question 66

What are the nerves that detect smell and where can they be found?

Answer 66

Offactory nerves in offactory epithelium found in the offactory bulb Roof and upper part of the lateral wall

Question 67

What is the pharynx?

Answer 67

A tube of fibrous and muscular tissue

Question 68

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Answer 68

Nasopharynx- nasal cavity Oropharynx- oral cavity Laryngopharynx- the larynx

Question 69

Describe the nasopharynx

Answer 69

Transports air Divided from oropharynx by soft palate

Question 70

Describe the oropharynx

Answer 70

Transports air plus food and fluid

Question 71

Describe the laryngopharynx

Answer 71

Where food and fluid goes

Question 72

What is the larynx?

Answer 72

A membranous tube suspended between cartilages. Laryngeal diameters may be altered to allow the passage of air only, and control airflow for speech and raising intra-abdominal pressure

Question 73

What are the larygneal cartilages?

Answer 73

Epiglottic, thyroid, arytenoid and cricoid

Question 74

What is the cricothyroid membrane the site of?

Answer 74

Emergency access to the airway

Question 75

What are the key laryngeal folds?

Answer 75

Ary-epioglottic fold, quadrangular membrane, vestibular and vocal fold

Question 76

What is the function of the ary-epiglottic fold?

Answer 76

Aids closure of widening of the laryngeal inlet

Question 77

What do the ary-epiglottic folds form?

Answer 77

Laryngeal inlet

Question 78

What lubricates the vocal folds?

Answer 78

Saccule- full of mucosal glands within the opening of the laryngeal ventricle

Question 79

What are the functions of the vocal folds?

Answer 79

Control the laryngeal diameter for speech, coughing, sneezing and raising the intra-abdominal pressure

Question 80

What muscles narrow or widen the vocal folds?

Answer 80

Rima glottidis

Question 81

What are the main actions of the laryngeal muscles?

Answer 81

Close/open ary-epiglottic folds Close/open the rima glottidis Shorten/lengthen the vocal folds

Question 82

What is the only muscle that opens the rima glottidis?

Answer 82

Posterior crico-arytenoid

Question 83

What does the superior laryngeal nerve supply?

Answer 83

1 muscle and sensation above vocal cords

Question 84

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve do?

Answer 84

Supplies all other muscles and sensation of vocal cords and below

Question 85

Where is the trachea?

Answer 85

Front of oesophagus, medial to carotid arteries and internal jugular veins, inferior to larynx, thyroid gland surrounds the upper portion

Question 86

What does the trachea divide into?

Answer 86

Right and left main bronchi