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Anatomy > Spinal Nerves and their Distribution > Flashcards

Spinal Nerves and their Distribution Flashcards

1
Q

What could you inject into the vertebral canal via lumbar puncture?

A

Anaesthetics, antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents.

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2
Q

What is coning?

A

Herniation of the brain.

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3
Q

When should you not do a lumbar puncture?

A

When a patient has raised intracranial pressure.

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4
Q

Why might you need to access the vertebral canal?

A

Sample CSF for blood or organisms and measure pressure of CSF.

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5
Q

Why is access safest in the lumbar region?

A

Spinal cord ends at L1/L2 so cauda equina unlikely to be damaged.

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6
Q

Which way do hypaxial muscles form?

A

Ventrally.

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7
Q

Which way do epaxial muscles form?

A

Dorsally.

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8
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space extend to?

A

S2.

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9
Q

Where does the lumbar cistern extend?

A

From disc between L1 and L2 to the lower border of S2.

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10
Q

What surrounds the cauda equina?

A

The lumbar cistern.

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11
Q

How should the patient lie when doing a lumbar puncture?

A

In the fetal position to space the spinous processes.

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12
Q

Where is the needle inserted in a lumbar puncture?

A

Between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5.

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13
Q

What are somites?

A

Paired aggregations of paraxial mesoderm.

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14
Q

How are somites arranged?

A

Sequentially along each side of the neural tube.

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15
Q

What part of the somite gives rise to musculoskeletal elements?

A

Dermatomyotome

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16
Q

Where are cell bodies of neurons located?

A

Anteriorly in the neural tube.

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17
Q

What is the function of somatic motor efferents?

A

Carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle and stimulate muscle contraction.

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18
Q

What does the dermatomyotome of each somite give rise to?

A

Individual skeletal muscle.

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19
Q

What follows the development of the skeletal muscle from the dermatomyotome?

A

Spinal nerves from adjacent somites.

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20
Q

How does the skeletal muscle correspond to the somatic motor fibres?

A

The muscle receives the fibre from the spinal cord segment adjacent to their somite.

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21
Q

Where do the cell bodies lie?

A

In the dorsal root ganglia.

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22
Q

Where do the dorsal root ganglia develop from?

A

The neural crest.

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23
Q

What does the dermis send?

A

Somatic sensory fibres to the spinal cord segment adjacent to its corresponding somite.

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24
Q

What gives rise to the dermis of skin?

A

The dermatomyotome.

25
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin innervated by a single spinal segment.

26
Q

What causes shingles?

A

Varicella zoster virus.

27
Q

Where does chickenpox go after initial infection?

A

The virus lies dormant in a dorsal root ganglion.

28
Q

How is shingles related to the spinal nerves?

A

The rash develops in the skin area supplied by the spinal nerve affected.

29
Q

What are the horns of the gray matter?

A

Dorsal horn, lateral horn and ventral horn.

30
Q

What are the columns of the white matter?

A

Dorsal column, lateral column and anterior column.

31
Q

What does a pair of spinal nerves consist of?

A

Axons of: motor neurons, sensory neurons and sympathetic neurons.

32
Q

What are the function of motor neurons in the spinal nerves?

A

They innervate a group of muscles arising from the same somite (myotome).

33
Q

What are the functions of sensory neurons in the spinal nerves?

A

They innervate a defined area of skin (dermatome).

34
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic neurons of the in the spinal nerves?

A

They go to structures on the body wall that control body temperature.

35
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris.

36
Q

What happens when the cells of the neural crest invaginate?

A

They form the neural groove.

37
Q

What are epaxial muscles supplied by?

A

Dorsal rami.

38
Q

What are the hypaxial muscles supplied by?

A

Ventral rami.

39
Q

What type of neuron emerges from the anterior horn of the spinal cord?

A

Afferent motor neuron.

40
Q

What type of neuron develops out of the lateral horn of the spinal cord?

A

Efferent sympathetic neuron.

41
Q

What happens to the sympathetic neuron in the ganglion?

A

They synapse onto a postganglionic neuron.

42
Q

What develops from the neural crest cells?

A

Sensory nerve cell bodies.

43
Q

Which part of the rami are used for communicating?

A

Ramis communicans.

44
Q

Where do dorsal rami of the thoracic spinal nerves carry motor neurones?

A

To erector spinae muscles.

45
Q

Where do dorsal rami of the thoracic spinal nerves carry sensory neurones?

A

From the skin of the back and from vertebral joints.

46
Q

Where do dorsal rami of the thoracic spinal nerves carry sympathetic neurones?

A

To blood vessels and sweat glands of the skin.

47
Q

Where do the ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves carry motor neurones?

A

To intercostal muscles.

48
Q

Where do the ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves carry sensory neurones?

A

From thoracic skin and pleura and vertebral joints.

49
Q

Where do the ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves carry sympathetic neurones?

A

To blood vessels and sweat glands of the skin.

50
Q

What is involved in a reflex arc?

A

Receptor, sensory neuron, integration centre, motor neuron and effector.

51
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A rapid, involuntary motor response to a stimulus.

52
Q

What is a spinal reflex?

A

Somatic spinal reflexes provides information on integrity of the reflex pathway and degree of excitability.

53
Q

Where does the axon of the motor neuron lie?

A

In the ventral root.

54
Q

Where does the axon of the sensory neuron lie?

A

In the dorsal root.

55
Q

Which spinal vertebrae have lateral horns?

A

T1-L2.

56
Q

What is altered sensation called?

A

Paraesthesia.

57
Q

What is a symptom of paraesthesia?

A

Nerve irritation can cause pins and needles.

58
Q

What does nerve compression cause?

A

Muscle weakness, loss of sensation and reflexes.

Anatomy (20 decks)

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