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Anatomy > Spinal Cord and Meninges > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

What do spinal roots form?1

A

Spinal nerves.

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2
Q

What are the lateral structures of the vertebrae?

A

The intervertebral foramen and pedicle.

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3
Q

What are the anterior structures in the vertebrae?

A

Vertebral body, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament.

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4
Q

What are the posterior structures in the vertebrae?

A

Spinous process, the lamina and the ligamentum flavum.

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5
Q

What connects the inferior articular and superior articular facets?

A

The zygapophysial joint.

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6
Q

What is the ligament that runs down the posterior of the vertebral column?

A

The supraspinous ligament.

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7
Q

What ligament lies between the spinous processes of the vertebra?

A

The interspinous ligament.

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8
Q

What is in the middle of the intervertebral disc?

A

The nucleus pulposus.

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9
Q

What is on the edge of the intervertebral disc?

A

The anulus fibrosus.

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10
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

Begins at the foramen magnum of skull as a continuation of the medulla.

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11
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

At L1/2 vertebrae in adults.

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12
Q

What is the inferior end of the spinal cord known as?

A

The conus medullaris that narrows as the filum terminale.

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13
Q

.Where is the cervical enlargement?

A

Between C4-T1.

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14
Q

What does the cervical enlargement contribute to?

A

The brachial plexus.

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15
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

The network of nerves that sends signals from the spinal cord to the shoulder, arm and hand.

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16
Q

Where is the lumbosacral enlargement?

A

Between T11-S1.

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17
Q

What does the lumbosacral enlargement contribute to?

A

The lumbosacral plexus.

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18
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in neonates?

A

At L3 vertebra.

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19
Q

Why is the vertebral column longer than the spinal cord?

A

The vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord.

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20
Q

Where do the spinal nerves emerge from?

A

The intervertebral foramina.

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21
Q

What is the order of the spinal vertebrae?

A

CTLSC.

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22
Q

From top to bottom how many of each spinal nerves are there?

A

8, 12, 5, 5 and 1.

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23
Q

What forms roots?

A

Rootlets converge to become roots.

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24
Q

What do the ventral and dorsal roots become?

A

The spinal nerve.

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25
Q

What does the spinal nerve divide into?

A

The ventral and dorsal rami (mixes motor and sensory fibres).

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26
Q

Which nerves are found in the ventral roots?

A

Motor (efferent) neurons.

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27
Q

Which nerves are found in the dorsal roots?

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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28
Q

What do dorsal and ventral mean?

A

Posterior and anterior.

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29
Q

Where does C1 emerge from?

A

Between the occipital bone of the skull and C1 (atlas)

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30
Q

Where does the C3 nerve pass out?

A

Between C2 and C3.

31
Q

Where do the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerve roots pass?

A

Down the vertebral canal to their own intervertebral foramen before exiting the canal.

32
Q

What does the lower 1/3rd of the vertebral canal contain?

A

The roots of the above spinal nerves as well as the filum terminale.

33
Q

Where do the lower spinal segments of the spinal cord lie?

A

Adjacent to a vertebrae that is above their own level.

34
Q

Adjacent to a vertebrae that is above their own level.

A

1.

35
Q

What are the layers of the cranial dura?

A

Outer periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer.

36
Q

What is the dura mater called as it descends through the vertebral canal?

A

The dural sac and does not attach to bone.

37
Q

What happens to the dural sac at the lower border of S2?

A

It narrows and fuses with the filum terminale and eventually with the coccyx.

38
Q

What does the dura mater cover in the nervous system?

A

The roots of spinal nerves as they pass through the intervertebral foramina.

39
Q

Where is the arachnoid mater in the spinal canal?

A

Lies deep to the dura and also ends at lower border of S2

40
Q

How does the arachnoid mater connect to the pia mater?

A

Via arachnoid trabeculae.

41
Q

What does the subarachnoid space in the spinal canal contain?

A

CSF and blood vessels supported by spider-like fibres.

42
Q

What does the arachnoid mater enclose in the lumbar cistern?

A

The caudal equina

43
Q

What does the pia mater become in the spinal canal?

A

The filum terminale at the inferior end of the spinal cord which attaches to the coccyx.

44
Q

What are the triangular extensions of pia mater called?

A

Denticulate ligaments.

45
Q

What are denticulate ligaments called?

A

Are laterally attached to the arachnoid mater in the dural sac and suspend the spinal cord.

46
Q

What does the pia mater cover in the spinal canal?

A

spinal canal?

Surface of the spinal cord and spinal roots.

47
Q

Where does the extradural (epidural) space lie?

A

extradural (epidural) space lie?

From foramen magnum to the sacral hiatus.

48
Q

Where is the extradural space positioned?

A

Internal to the periosteum.

49
Q

What does the extradural space contain?

A

Internal vertebral venous plexus.

50
Q

What are the 2 sets of arteries that supply the spinal cord?

A

The 3 longitudinal arteries and the numerous segmental spinal arteries.

51
Q

What do the longitudinal arteries branch from?

A

The subclavian artery.

52
Q

What do the segmental spinal arteries branch from?

A

The aorta.

53
Q

Where do the longitudinal arteries lie?

A

On the surface of the spinal cord.

54
Q

Where are the segmental spinal arteries?

A

Enter vertebral canal via the intervertebral foramina at every level.

55
Q

What do the longitudinal arteries divide into?

A

2 paired posterior spinal arteries and 1 anterior spinal artery.

56
Q

Where do the paired posterior spinal arteries arise from?

A

Vertebral arteries and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries.

57
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery arise from?

A

Vertebral arteries.

58
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery sit?

A

In anterior median fissure and gives of sulcal arteries.

59
Q

Where are the vertebral arteries positioned?

A

Ascend in the neck via the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae.

60
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries branch?

A

At approximately the level of the foramen magnum.

61
Q

What do segmental spinal arteries give off?

A

Segmental medullary arteries.

62
Q

What does the cervical region arise from?

A

Predominantly the vertebral arteries.

63
Q

Where does the thoracic region arise from?

A

Predominantly the posterior intercostal arteries.

64
Q

Predominantly the posterior intercostal arteries.

A

Predominantly the lumbar arteries.

65
Q

What is the danger with venous connections in the spinal canal?

A

They allow the metastatic spread of tumours to vertebral bodies

66
Q

What is the function of the longitudinal channels on the surface of the spinal cord?

A

No valves and blood flows in either direction.

67
Q

Where does the internal vertebral venous plexus lie?

A

In the extradural fat of extradural space.

68
Q

What is the function of the external vertebral venous plexus?

A

Drains medullary cavity of vertebral bodies and connects to segmental veins.

69
Q

Which plexuses surround the vertebrae?

A

The anterior and posterior external vertebral venous plexuses.

70
Q

Which plexus lies within the vertebral canal?

A

The internal vertebral plexus.

71
Q

What are the layers that a lumbar puncture go through?

A

Skin, superficial fascia, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, extradural space, dura mater, arachnoid mater and subarachnoid space.

72
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture performed?

A

Between L3/L4 or L4/L5.

73
Q

Why is the lumbar puncture performed where it is?

A

Spinal cord ends at L1/2 in adults and cauda equina nerve roots suspend in CSF.

Anatomy (20 decks)

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