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Anatomy > Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the GI tract?

A

Absoprtion of dietary nutrients

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2
Q

What 3 things make up the mucosa?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa

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3
Q

Describe the epithelium in the GI tract

A

Single cell layer, replaced every 2-3 days, apical side faces lumen, basolateral side faces interstitium

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4
Q

Describe the lamina propria

A

Loose connective tissue made up of elastin and collagen fibres, contains nerves, blood and lymph vessels, secretory glands

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5
Q

Describe the musclaris mucosa

A

Thin layer of smooth muscle, increases surface area by creating ridges and folds

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6
Q

What are the different layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa

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7
Q

Describe the submucosa

A

Thicker layer- similar to lamina propria

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8
Q

What can be found in the submucosa layer?

A

The submucosal plexus- blood vessels and nerve bundles- integral part of the enteric nervous system

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9
Q

What 3 things make up the muscularis externa?

A

Circular muscle, myenteric plexus, longitudinal muscle

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10
Q

Describe the muscularis externa layer

A

ENS co-ordinates contractions to mix and move between compartments, sphincters regulate flow

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11
Q

Describe the serosa layer?

A

Outermost layer of connective tissue + layer of squamous epithelial cells

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12
Q

What occurs when there is no serosa layer in certain parts of the GI tract?

A

They will directly connect to the adventitia

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13
Q

What 3 divisions of the autonomic nervous system regulate the GI system?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Enteric

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14
Q

Where is the PNS controlled from?

A

Medulla oblongata

Pelvic-splanchnic nerves

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15
Q

What does the PNS respond to?

A

Stretch, pressure, temperature and osmolarity

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16
Q

What are the primary neurotransmitters of the PNS?

A

Acetylcholine, Gastric-releasing peptide

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17
Q

What does the PNS signals?

A

Stimulation of GI secretions and motility

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18
Q

Where do the nerves originate from in the SNS?

A

Thorathic (T5-T12) and lumbar (L1-L3) regions

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19
Q

Where is the upper Gi tract innervated from?

A

Superior cervial gaglion

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20
Q

What is the SNS’ function?

A

Generally decreases GI secretions and motility

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21
Q

What is the ENS usually synpased with and controlled by?

A

Both the PNS and SNS

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22
Q

What can you organise the ENS nerves into?

A

Myenteric and submucosal plexuses

23
Q

How can the ENS operate autonomously?

A

Via intrinsic regulations and sensory reflexes

24
Q

Describe the myenteric plexus

A

Dense parallel neruonal configuration

25
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

A

Regulating intestinal smooth muscle by participating in tonic and rhythmic contraction

26
Q

What is the function of the submuscosal plexus?

A

Regulates intestinal secretions and local absorptive environment

27
Q

What are ENS neurons supported by?

A

Enteric glial cells

28
Q

Describe ENS reflexes

A

Neural circuits involving mechanoreceptor or chemoreceptor simulation in the mucosa, signal transmitted back to neurons in submucosal plexus

29
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters of the ENS

A

Enkephalins- constrict muscle around sphincter

VIP, substance P, ACh, nitric oxide, serotonin

30
Q

What are the non-neuronal signalling molecules?

A

Hormones and paracrines

31
Q

Give some example of GI hormones

A

Gastrin- increases gastric acid secretion

Secretin- Releases HCO3- and pepsin

32
Q

Give some examples of GI paracrines

A

Histamine- increases gastric acid secretion

Somatostatin- Inhibits peptide hormones and gastric acid secretion

33
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A

Cephalic, gastric and intestinal phase

34
Q

Describe the Cephalic phase of digestion

A

Triggered by thought of food

Primarily neural and causes ACh and VIP release- stimulates secretion

35
Q

Describe the Gastric phase of digestion

A

Begins when food and oral secretions enter stomach

Coincides with distension

Elicits neural, hormonal, paracrine GI responses

36
Q

Describe the Intestinal phase of digestion

A

Begins when stomach contents reach duodenum

Initiates primarily hormonal, paracrine and neural responses

37
Q

What is included in the upper GI tract?

A

Mouth, oesophagus and stomach

38
Q

What is the function of the upper GI tract?

A

Transports and prepares food to be absorbed

39
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

Mechanical + chemical breakdown

40
Q

What does mastication mean?

A

Chewing

41
Q

What is the order of the type of teeth working front to back?

A

Incisors, canine, premolar and molars

42
Q

What are the four basic structures of a tooth?

A

Enamel, dentin, pulp cavity and root canal

43
Q

Describe the function of the salivary glands?

A

Produces watery fluid which; lubricates mouth, digest

44
Q

What produces saliva?

A

Sublingual, submandibular and parotid glands

45
Q

Describe peristalsis

A

Series of co-ordinated muscle contractions/relaxations

46
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Accept and store food

Mix food with secretions

Digest food

Deliver food to small intestines

47
Q

What muscle allows food to enter the stomach?

A

Lower eophageal sphincter

48
Q

What muscle allows food to enter the duodenum?

A

Pyloric sphincter

49
Q

Where do secretions come from in the stomach?

A

Pits

50
Q

What cells make up the pits in the stomach?

A

Within the neck- mucous neck cell, G and D cells

Within the base- chief cell and parietal cell

51
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestines?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

52
Q

What parts make up the large intestines?

A

Caecum

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon

Rectum

Anus

53
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Significant water and ion absorption, motility of contents

Anatomy (20 decks)

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