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Anatomy > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of skin and their position beginning with the most superficial

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous

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2
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands and the difference between them?

A

Merocrine (acidic secretion) and apocrine (alkaline secretion)

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3
Q

What are Langer’s lines?

A

Natural lines on skin created by tension

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4
Q

When making incisions, why is it important to cut along the Langer’s lines?

A

The stitches are less likely to fall out and leave scarring

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5
Q

What is propreiation?

A

The skin’s ability to know its location in space

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6
Q

In early development, what are the little bumps along the longitudinal axis called?

A

Somites

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7
Q

What originates from somites?

A

Nerve supply and muscles in a segmented pattern

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8
Q

What causes the Langer’s lines to no longer be straight?

A

Limbs extend out and ruin the lines of segmentation

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9
Q

Where do each level of spinal nerves originate from?

A

Dermatones

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10
Q

What name is given to the disc we originate from?

A

Tri-laminar disc

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11
Q

What are the three layers of the tri-laminar disc?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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12
Q

What originates from the ectoderm?

A

Skin and nervous tissue

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13
Q

What originates from the mesoderm

A

Blood, muscles and skeleton

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14
Q

What originates from the endoerm

A

Gut

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15
Q

How does the tri-laminar disc fold?

A

Folds into two directions. This creates a cephalo-caudal structure

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16
Q

What does folding create?

A

Creates spaces/cavities within the membrane

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17
Q

What lines the membranes of the cavities and what does this allow?

A

Serous liquid and this allows for movement and distension

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18
Q

Where would you find pleural cavities?

A

The lungs

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19
Q

Where would you find pericardial cavities?

A

The heart

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20
Q

Where would you find abdomino-pelvic cavities?

A

The gastro-intestinal and reproductive tracts

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21
Q

Where would you find cranial cavities?

A

The brain

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22
Q

What happens to the spaces within the body during development?

A

The space is filled by an organ. The organ pushes the two layers together creating a visceral layer beside the organ and a parietal layer against the wall of the cavity

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23
Q

What are fascial spaces?

A

Fasicial spaces are casued by the fascia layers separating muscles into compartments

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24
Q

What is adipose tissue composed of?

A

White and brown fat

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25
Q

What is the function of white fat cells?

A

Energy storage, insulation, protection

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26
Q

What is the function of brown fat cells?

A

Heat production

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27
Q

What can white fat stores do?

A

Produce adipokines that send signals to regulate nutritional balance

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28
Q

What produces leptin?

A

White fat cells

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29
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Sends signal to the brain that it has had enough to eat

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30
Q

How does brown fat create heat?

A

Uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

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31
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A 
1- Protective barrier: enclose and shelter an internal environment 
2- Metabolic
3- Temperature regulaiton
4- Internal homeostasis
5- Sensation
6- Psycho-social signals
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32
Q

What are the three layers of skin?

A

1- Epidermis
2- Dermis
3- Hypodermis

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33
Q

Describe the epidermis.

A

1- Avascular epithelium
2- Undergoes proliferation
3- Synthesises keratin

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34
Q

Describe the dermis.

A 
1- Vascular
2- Tough, leather-like
3- Contains blood vessels
4- Contains lymphatics
5- Contains cutaneous nerves
6- Collagen and elastic fibres are not replaced with age
35
Q

Describe the hypodermis.

A 
1- Superficial fascia
2- Varies in thickness
3- Contains blood vessels
4- Contains nerves
5- Contains lymphatics
6- Contains adipose tissue
7- Skin ligaments, loose skin or taut skin are implied in scarring and incisions
36
Q

How do burns affect skin?

A

1- Leads to loss of skin’s function as a barrier
2- Fluid loss
3- May lead to infection

37
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium (thick skin e.g. palms)

38
Q

What are five layers of the epidermis?

A 
1- S. Corneum
2- S. Lucidum
3- S. Granulosum
4- S. Spinosum
5- S. Basale
39
Q

Describe the S. Corneum layer.

A

Water proof cell ghosts

40
Q

Describe the S. Lucidum layer.

A

1- Specialised cell death program

2- Only present in thick skin

41
Q

Describe the S. Granulosum layer.

A

Keratohyaline granules promote cell dehydration and aggregation of keratin

42
Q

Describe the S. Spinosum layer.

A

1- Intermediate filaments keratin-1 and keratin-10 expressed
2- Keratin linked to eachother via desmosomes
3- Basal cells linked with basement membrane via hemidesmosomes

43
Q

Describe the S. Basale layer.

A

Stem cells attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

44
Q

How is the epidermis attached to the dermis?

A

Collagen VII

45
Q

What happens when the gene expressing collagen VII undergoes mutation?

A

1- Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
2- Weak links between epidermis and dermis
3- Weak/fragile and blistering skin

46
Q

What is cornification?

A

The production of corneocytes (dead cells) which act as a protective barrier for the skin

47
Q

What is filaggrin found?

A

Filaggrin is a main component of keratohyaline granules in the S. granulosum

48
Q

What is profilaggrin?

A

Precursor to filaggrin

49
Q

What are the roles of filaggrin?

A

1- Maintain optimal skin barrier
2- Aid keratin filament aggregation
3- Inhibit water loss

50
Q

How does filaggrin inhibit water loss?

A

It is cleaved into amino acids, which aids in maintaining moisture

51
Q

What is the most common cause of keratinization disorders?

A

Mutation of filaggrin

52
Q

What can the mutation of filaggrin lead to?

A

1- Keratinization disorders e.g. itchyosis vulgaris
2- May also be implied in ~50% of eczema case
3- Null mutations may also be associated with asthma

53
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Basal layer of the epidermis

54
Q

What do melanocytes synthesise and release?

A

Melanin, a brown pigment

55
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

1- Absorbs UV-B
2- Prevents DNA damage to underlying cells of the hypodermis
3- Increased levels lead to lower incidence of skin cancer
4- Synthesised and released by melanocytes

56
Q

What is melanoma?

A

Tumour of melanocytes

57
Q

What is the cause of melanoma?

A

Exposure of melanocytes to UV radiation

58
Q

Where are melanocytes derived from?

A

Crest cells that originate near the developing nervous system and spread into the embryo which become mesodermal in nature

59
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

1- Macrophage-like cells
2- Dendritic in form
3- Derived from monocytes
4- Mostly found in S. spinosum layer
5- Antigen-presenting
6- Activated in skin but later on migrate to lymph nodes
7- Express Langerin, which helps degrade viruses such as HIV in speciailised endosomes called Birbeck granules

60
Q

Where are Langerhans cells usually found?

A

1- S. spinosum

2- Activated in skin but later on migrate to lymph nodes

61
Q

What do Langerhans cells express?

A

Langerin

62
Q

What is the role of Langerin?

A

Help degrade virsuses such as HIV by binding to the virus and internalising them in endosomes called Birbeck granules for degradation

63
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

1- Tissue which joins epidermis to dermis

2- Prevents shearing

64
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

1- Papillary dermis

2- Reticular dermis

65
Q

What does the papillary dermis layer comprise of?

A

1- Fine collagen and elastic fibres

2- Small blood vessels and nerves

66
Q

What does the reticular dermis comprise of?

A

1- Coarser collagen and elastic fibres

2- Larger blood vessels and nerves

67
Q

What does the hypodermis consist of?

A 
1- Loose connective tissue
2- Adipose tissue
3- Superficial blood vessels and lymphatics
4- Cutaneous nerves
5- Skin ligaments
68
Q

What tissue is responsible for vitamin D production?

A

Hypodermis

69
Q

What determines the mobility of skin implicated in scarring and incisions?

A

Skin ligaments in the hypodermis

70
Q

What are sweat glands?

A

1- Eccrine and apocrine
2- Secrete sweat, watery fluid
3- Secretory portion lies in the dermis and superficial fascia
4- Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

71
Q

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?

A

1- Thermoregulation

2- Respond in fight or flight

72
Q

What is the function of apocrine sweat glands?

A

1- Secrete pheromones

73
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

In the axillae (arm pits) and genital region

74
Q

Describe the structure of hair follicles.

A 
1- Cylindrical, epithelial structures
2- Anchored in the hypodermis
3- Hair shaft grows from the bulb
4- Hair shaft made of keratin
5- Associated with sebaceous glands
75
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

1- Glands associated with hair follicle

2- Secrete sebum to lubricate hair and adjacent skin

76
Q

What are arrector pili?

A

1- Smooth muscle attached to papillary dermis and sheath of the follicle
2- When it contracts, they pull the hair upright leading to goose bumps
3- Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

77
Q

What are the three parts of a pilosebaceous unit?

A

1- Sebaceous gland
2- Hair follicle
3- Arrector pili

78
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

1- Modified apocrine sweat glands

2- Lactate under hormonal control

79
Q

What are nails?

A

1- Nail plate formed from keratin
2- Rests on nail bed
3- Grows from nail root which passes deep into the dermis

80
Q

What is the periodontal membrane?

A

Fibrous joint between the teeth and skull

81
Q

What receptors sense pain?

A

Nociceptors

82
Q

What receptors sense touch?

A

1- Meissner’s corpuscles

2- Fine touche Merkel cells

83
Q

What receptors sense pressure?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

84
Q

What receptors sense vibration?

A

1- Meissner’s corpuscles

2- Pacinian corpuscles

Anatomy (20 decks)

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