MD2002- Introduction to Limbs

Question 1

What three points give an overview of the upper limb?

Answer 1

Highly mobile joint

Levers

Enable the hand to be brought to any point in space and keep it steadily

Question 2

What three points give an overview of the lower limbs?

Answer 2

Supports the body weight

Involved mainly in locomotion

The bones are more robust than those of the upper limbs

Question 3

At what week does development of the limbs begin?

Answer 3

Week 4

Question 4

What happens in the beginning of limb development?

Answer 4

Specialized cells migrate from the somites and the lateral plate mesoderm and limb buds form where the arms and legs will develop

Question 5

When referring to muscles, what is the origin?

Answer 5

The proximal end of the muscle, which remains fixed during muscular contraction

Question 6

When referring to muscles, what is the insertion?

Answer 6

The distal end of the muscle, which is moveable

Question 7

When a muscle is stimulated, what happens in regards to the origin and insertion?

Answer 7

They shorten generally in the direction of; insertion -> origin

Some muscles can shorten in both direcions if needed

Question 8

What are the two types of muscle contraction?

Answer 8

Isometric and Isotonic

Question 9

What is isometric contraction?

Answer 9

Muscle contracts but does not shorten

Question 10

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

Answer 10

Concentric and Eccentric

Question 11

Define concentric contraction

Answer 11

Muscle contracts according to the sliding filament mechanism and shortens

Question 12

Define eccentric contraction

Answer 12

The muscle elongates while under tension due to an opposing force greater than the muscle generates

Acts as a braking force to protect from injury

Question 13

What are the 5 types of muscles?

Answer 13

Prime mover
Agonist
Synergist
Antagonistic 
Fixating

Question 14

Describe a prime mover muscle

Answer 14

Muscles that play the primary role in moving a body part

Question 15

Describe an agonist muscle

Answer 15

Muscles that acts directly to produce a desired movement

Question 16

Describe a synergist muscle

Answer 16

Muscles which prevent unwanted movements associated with the action of the prime movers

Question 17

Describe an antagonistic muscle

Answer 17

Muscles which directly oppose a movement

Question 18

Describe a fixating muscle

Answer 18

Muscles that provide the necessary support to assist in holding the rest of the body in place while the movement occurs

Question 19

Describe superficial fascia

Answer 19

Just beneath the skin

Contains adipose tissue

Question 20

Describe deep (investing) fascia

Answer 20

Ensheath muscles but continuous

Facilitates contraction

Barrier between muscles

Passages for nerves and vessels

Attachment for muscles

Hold tendons in place

Question 21

What is septae?

Answer 21

A thin partition or membrane that divides two cavities or soft masses of tissue

Question 22

What is the function of septae in muscles?

Answer 22

Deep fascia sends septae between the muscles to separate them into compartments

Forms potential spaces to allow passage of nerves and blood vessels

Question 23

What is compartment syndrome?

Answer 23

An injury to the muscle within a compartment that may cause swelling and increased pressure that compresses neurovascular bundles

Question 24

What does the intermuscular septae do in the arm?

Answer 24

Divides the arm into an anterior (flexor) and a posterior (extensor) muscular compartment

Question 25

What does the anterbrachial fascia form?

Answer 25

It forms the interosseous membrane that separates the anterior and posterior compartments

Question 26

What is the carpal tunnel?

Answer 26

A narrow passageway on the palm side of your wrist made up of bones and ligaments- contains the median nerve

Question 27

What is the deep fascia called in the thigh?

Answer 27

Fascia lata

Question 28

What is the function of the fascia lata?

Answer 28

It thickens laterally as the Iliotibial Tract and sends septae to divide the thigh into anterior (extensor), medial (adductor) and posterior (flexor) compartments

Question 29

What is the deep fascia called in the leg?

Answer 29

Crural fascia

Question 30

Describe the crural fascia

Answer 30

Fuses with the tibia Forms the interosseous membrane Sends septae to divide the leg into anterior, 2 posterior (superificial and deep flexor) and lateral (peroneal) compartments

Question 31

Describe a dermatome

Answer 31

A strip of skin supplied by 1 spinal nerve

Question 32

What is a myotome?

Answer 32

A single or group of skeletal muscles supplied by 1 spinal nerve

Question 33

Describe the initial position of the thumb, hallux, palm and sole face in a foetus

Answer 33

Thumb and hallux are on the cranial side of each limb Both the palm and sole face anteriorly

Question 34

Describe the movement of the upper limb from its in-utero position

Answer 34

Rotates laterally by; Thumb moves from medial to lateral Flexor muscle groups move to an anterior position Extensors move to a posterior position

Question 35

Describe the movement of the lower limbs from its in-utero position

Answer 35

Rotates medially by; Hallux moves from lateral to medial Flexor muscle groups move from an anterior to a posterior position Extensors move to an anterior position

Question 36

What do spinal nerves form?

Answer 36

Plexuses

Question 37

What is the neural innervation of the upper limbs?

Answer 37

Brachial Plexus, in Axilla ``` Musculocutaneous- C5 Axillary- C6 Radial-C7 Median-C8 Ulnar-T1 ```

Question 38

What is the neural innervation of the lower limbs?

Answer 38

The Lumbo-Sacral plexus, within the psoas major on the posterior abdominal wall, and on the lateral wall of the pelvis Derived from the ventral rami of L1 to L5 and S1 to S4

Question 39

What is phlebotomy?

Answer 39

Removing blood through an incision or puncture

Question 40

What are the two largests veins in the lower limb?

Answer 40

Great and small Saphenous

Question 41

What allows the venous flow to go from superficial to deep?

Answer 41

Perforators

Question 42

Where do the lymph nodes drain to from the limbs?

Answer 42

Axillary (upper limb) Inguinal (lower limb) lymph nodes