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Anatomy > MD2002- Introduction to Limbs > Flashcards

MD2002- Introduction to Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

What three points give an overview of the upper limb?

A

Highly mobile joint

Levers

Enable the hand to be brought to any point in space and keep it steadily

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2
Q

What three points give an overview of the lower limbs?

A

Supports the body weight

Involved mainly in locomotion

The bones are more robust than those of the upper limbs

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3
Q

At what week does development of the limbs begin?

A

Week 4

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4
Q

What happens in the beginning of limb development?

A

Specialized cells migrate from the somites and the lateral plate mesoderm and limb buds form where the arms and legs will develop

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5
Q

When referring to muscles, what is the origin?

A

The proximal end of the muscle, which remains fixed during muscular contraction

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6
Q

When referring to muscles, what is the insertion?

A

The distal end of the muscle, which is moveable

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7
Q

When a muscle is stimulated, what happens in regards to the origin and insertion?

A

They shorten generally in the direction of; insertion -> origin

Some muscles can shorten in both direcions if needed

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8
Q

What are the two types of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric and Isotonic

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9
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Muscle contracts but does not shorten

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10
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

A

Concentric and Eccentric

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11
Q

Define concentric contraction

A

Muscle contracts according to the sliding filament mechanism and shortens

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12
Q

Define eccentric contraction

A

The muscle elongates while under tension due to an opposing force greater than the muscle generates

Acts as a braking force to protect from injury

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13
Q

What are the 5 types of muscles?

A 
Prime mover
Agonist
Synergist
Antagonistic 
Fixating
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14
Q

Describe a prime mover muscle

A

Muscles that play the primary role in moving a body part

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15
Q

Describe an agonist muscle

A

Muscles that acts directly to produce a desired movement

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16
Q

Describe a synergist muscle

A

Muscles which prevent unwanted movements associated with the action of the prime movers

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17
Q

Describe an antagonistic muscle

A

Muscles which directly oppose a movement

18
Q

Describe a fixating muscle

A

Muscles that provide the necessary support to assist in holding the rest of the body in place while the movement occurs

19
Q

Describe superficial fascia

A

Just beneath the skin

Contains adipose tissue

20
Q

Describe deep (investing) fascia

A

Ensheath muscles but continuous

Facilitates contraction

Barrier between muscles

Passages for nerves and vessels

Attachment for muscles

Hold tendons in place

21
Q

What is septae?

A

A thin partition or membrane that divides two cavities or soft masses of tissue

22
Q

What is the function of septae in muscles?

A

Deep fascia sends septae between the muscles to separate them into compartments

Forms potential spaces to allow passage of nerves and blood vessels

23
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

An injury to the muscle within a compartment that may cause swelling and increased pressure that compresses neurovascular bundles

24
Q

What does the intermuscular septae do in the arm?

A

Divides the arm into an anterior (flexor) and a posterior (extensor) muscular compartment

25
Q

What does the anterbrachial fascia form?

A

It forms the interosseous membrane that separates the anterior and posterior compartments

26
Q

What is the carpal tunnel?

A

A narrow passageway on the palm side of your wrist made up of bones and ligaments- contains the median nerve

27
Q

What is the deep fascia called in the thigh?

A

Fascia lata

28
Q

What is the function of the fascia lata?

A

It thickens laterally as the Iliotibial Tract and sends septae to divide the thigh into anterior (extensor), medial (adductor) and posterior (flexor) compartments

29
Q

What is the deep fascia called in the leg?

A

Crural fascia

30
Q

Describe the crural fascia

A

Fuses with the tibia

Forms the interosseous membrane

Sends septae to divide the leg into anterior, 2 posterior (superificial and deep flexor) and lateral (peroneal) compartments

31
Q

Describe a dermatome

A

A strip of skin supplied by 1 spinal nerve

32
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A single or group of skeletal muscles supplied by 1 spinal nerve

33
Q

Describe the initial position of the thumb, hallux, palm and sole face in a foetus

A

Thumb and hallux are on the cranial side of each limb

Both the palm and sole face anteriorly

34
Q

Describe the movement of the upper limb from its in-utero position

A

Rotates laterally by;

Thumb moves from medial to lateral

Flexor muscle groups move to an anterior position

Extensors move to a posterior position

35
Q

Describe the movement of the lower limbs from its in-utero position

A

Rotates medially by;

Hallux moves from lateral to medial

Flexor muscle groups move from an anterior to a posterior position

Extensors move to an anterior position

36
Q

What do spinal nerves form?

A

Plexuses

37
Q

What is the neural innervation of the upper limbs?

A

Brachial Plexus, in Axilla

Musculocutaneous- C5
Axillary- C6
Radial-C7
Median-C8
Ulnar-T1
38
Q

What is the neural innervation of the lower limbs?

A

The Lumbo-Sacral plexus, within the psoas major on the posterior abdominal wall, and on the lateral wall of the pelvis

Derived from the ventral rami of L1 to L5 and S1 to S4

39
Q

What is phlebotomy?

A

Removing blood through an incision or puncture

40
Q

What are the two largests veins in the lower limb?

A

Great and small Saphenous

41
Q

What allows the venous flow to go from superficial to deep?

A

Perforators

42
Q

Where do the lymph nodes drain to from the limbs?

A

Axillary (upper limb) Inguinal (lower limb) lymph nodes

Anatomy (20 decks)

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