Urinary System Flashcards
What species has a multipyramidal appearance of the kiddy but has no external lobulation
Porcine
What species has multipyramidal kidney with external lobulation
Bovine
What is the absence of development of a kidney?
Renal aplaisa
Unilateral (incidental) or bilateral (fatal)
Renal aplasia is rare but can be seen in swine, cattle and dog, what breed of dogs does it have a familial tendency in?
Doberman pinscher and beagle
If there is a unilateral renal aplaisa, how will the functional kidney appear?
Compensatory hypertrophy
MDx for kidney with reduced size but normal architecture
Renal hypoplasia
Seen in pigs, foals, dogs, and chickens
MDx for a kidney that has abnormal and asynchronous differentiation of renal tissues
Renal dysplasia
-severe bilateral –> renal fialuare
What are causes of renal dysplasia in cats and dogs?
FIP
Canine herpesvirus
Cause of renal dysplasia in bovine
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
Intrauritne urethral obstruction -calf
What is a cause of renal dysplasia in pigs
Hypovitaminosis A
Intrauterine urethral obstruction
Renal dysplasia can be an autosomal dominant trait in what sp?
Suffolk sheep
Fluid filled mass lined by cuboidal epithelium on the kidney
Renal cyst (may be uni, bilateral, or multiple)
Common congenital malformation
Kidney has a “honeycomb appearance” with numberous cysts in cortex and medulla. What is the condition and what are the causes
Polycystic kidney
Congenital -pig and labs
Inherited - certain dog, cat and goat breeds
Acquired - obstructed tubules in chronic renal disease
Normal kidney in abnormal places? Whhhhaaaaattt???
Ectopic kidney
Seen in dog and pig
Ectopic kidney can predispose an animal to??
Urethral obstruction
Development of hydronephrosis
What is a “horseshoe kidney”?
Congenital malformation
-fusion of the cranial or caudal poles of the kidney.
What is the most common PM change seen in kidney?
Autolysis
Kidneys are soft and friable
What pigmentation disturbances are seen in the kidney
Pseudomelanosis
Myoglobinuria
Lipofuscinosis
Bile
Hemoglobin will cause the kidney to be dark red - black, what would be the cause of this change?
Severe intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria
- lepto
- bacillary hemoglobinuria
- babesiosis
- chronic copper poisoning (sheep)
Sheep with..
Enlarged urinary bladder Adipose tissue is yellow in colour Liver in orange Kidneys are dark red-black Dark-red urine
Hemoglobinuria secondary to copper poisoning.
Rhabdomyolysis can lead to what pigmentary change in the kidney?
Myoglobin -> dark red to black kidney
Myoglobinuria
Also seen in equine paralytic myoglobinuria
Cow kidneys are dark brown to black. What pigmentary change is this?
Lipofucsinosis
Incidental finding
-would also see discolouration of the cardiac parenchyma (uniform dark brown)
Kidney is diffusely yellow-green coloured. Is this abnormal
Yes
Bile pigment -> choluria
What leads to choluria?
Obstructive jaundice or severe liver disease –> conjugated bilibrubin excreted in kidney
What change is occurring?
Kidney is bright or dark red.
Circulatory disturbance
-hyperemia and congestion
What kind of circulatory disturbances leads to petechiae or eccymosis on the cortical surface of the kidney?
Renal hemorrhage
What lesions would you see in the kidney associated with DIC?
Renal petechia
-> vesicular injury/planet comsumpion
Your client just set their cattle loose in a field of sweet clover. What problems are associated with sweet clover, and what lesions would be present in the kidney?
Sweet clover is high in courmarin -> dicoumarol -> anti-vitK -> clotting issue (factors 2, 7, 9, 10)-> bleeding
Kidney-> petechiation
What are hemophilia A and B? What lesions are associated?
Inherited factor deficiencies
A- VIII (dog, cat, horse, cattle)
B- IX (dog and cat)
Renal petechia
Viremia can cause a renal petechia and ecchymosis. What would the DDx be in a pig vs dog
Pig - hog cholera (AKA classical swine fever) or African swine fever
Dog-canine herpesvirus (neonatal)
T/F: bacteremia can cause a renal petechia?
True
If septicemia is suspected - other tissues should also be affected
(Eg pig - erysipelas, strep, salmonella)
What are two main causes of a renal ischemia?
Torsion - usually associated with trauma (leads to congestion-> enlarged reddened kidney)
Infarct
In kidney, triangular area of pale tissue.
Renal infarct - usually associated wth thrombosis of renal vessels (e interlobular artery)
Acutely a renal infarct will appear _______, while a chronic infarct will be ______
Red (due to hemorrhage); pale
What is the pathogenesis of valvular endocarditis leading to renal ischemia?
Valvular endocarditis -> plaques (thrombus) present on valves –> breaks off and travels to kidney-> embolus causes an infarct in kidney
Well demarcated, circular area on the capsule of the kidney is depressed? What is the lesion due to?
Prolonged ischemia leads to coagulative necrosis -> affected area heals by fibrosis –> less tissue density of the CT (scar) tissue causes the depression seen.
Renal infarcts are most commonly seen in cattle and pigs with __________
Valvular endocarditis
Renal infarcts are most commonly seen in dogs with ______________
Renal amyloidosis -> loss of antithrombin III -> hypercoaguable patient
Renal infarcts are most commonly seen in cats with _________
Left atrial thrombosis
T/F: glomular amyloidosis is a protein losing-enteropathy
True
Amyloid deposition leads to poor glomerular function –> protienuria
What is the difference between a primary and secondary amyloidosis?
Primary- due to abnormal production of Ab by plasma cells (rare)
Secondary- serum a-globulin deposition that is associated with harmonic antigenic stimulation (common in domestic animals)
Kidney is enlarged, diffusely pale, and finely granular on the surface
What is it?
Amyloidosis
If stained with iodine -> soiled black dots in cortex = glomeruli filled with amyloid protein
Histo of kidney…
Pink amorphous and acellular material in glomeruli
Amyloidosis
In what breed of cat and dog can a familial renal amyloidosis be present?
Abyssinian cat
Chinese shar pei
Bilateral renal cortical necrosis is an acute and severe ischemia of the renal cortex due to _____________?
Vasospasm of cortical vessels (usually associated with endotoxemia)
-> patchy appearances with red and yellow marbled areas of discolouration
A localized ischemia of the renal medulla will causes what lesions?
Renal medullary (papillary) necrosis
What are causes of medullary necrosis?
Amyloidosis (cats)
Pyelonephritis
DM
Urinary obstruction
Anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs -phenylbutazone, phenacetin, aspirin.
T/F: renal tubular epithelium is metabolically very active, thus highly susceptible to ischemia or toxic damage
True
What is the DDX for diffusely pale kidneys?
Amyloidosis
Acute nephrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Lymphosarcoma
Histo..
Cortex of kindey
Fibrosis
Tubular loss
Architectural disorganization
Chronic Nephrosis
Histo..
Cortex of kidney.
Swelling of the tubular epithelium
Cytoplasm may be vacuolated and nucleus pyknotic, karyolytic
Tubules are hypocellular, often dilated and contain cellular debris
Acute tubular nephrosis
Melamine/cyanuric acid will cause what disease condition?
Nephrosis -> renally toxic
