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RUSVM Pathology 2 > Urinary System 2 > Flashcards

Urinary System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Infection of the urinary tract can come from what two sources?

A

Hematogenous (descending infection)

Urinary bladder (Ascending infection)

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2
Q

What are the 4 classifications of nephritis, according to location?

A

Glomerulitis
Glmonerulonephritits
Interstitial nephritis
Pyelonephritis

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3
Q

What type of nephritis has a multifocal suppurative glomerulitis? What is the cause?

A

Embolic nephritis

Caused by bacteremia

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4
Q

What is a common cause of embolic nephritis in a foal?

A

Actinobacillus equuli

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5
Q

What is the progression/chronic form of embolic nephritis

A

Microabscesses -> rupture -> loss of glomerulus

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6
Q

What are the two immune mediated mechanisms that lead to glomerulitis and glomerulonephritis ?

A

Deposition of Ag-Ab complexes

Autoantibodies directed against the GBM (antibasement membrane disease)

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7
Q

What are the acute changes seen in a glomerulonephritis ?

A

Subtle changes - kidney appear swollen and pale

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8
Q

Chronic glomerulonephritis appears ???

A

Kidneys are shrunken and granular

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9
Q

What are the three morphologic types of glomerulonephritis ?

A

Membranous -> thickening of BM

Proliferative -> increased cellularity

Membrano-proliferative -> glomerular sclerosis

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10
Q

What is glomerulosclerosis

A

Scar tissue replacing glomerulus

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11
Q

What do you call an inflammatory infiltration in the interstitium that affects tubular function

A

Interstitial nephritis

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12
Q

Does interstitial nephritis usually have a diffuse or multifocal distribution

A

Diffuse (pale cortex), except in bovine is multifocal (white spotted kidney)

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13
Q

Off-white foci randomly scattered throughout the renal cortex and medulla of bovine kidney

EDx?

A

White-spotted kidney

Residual lesions of E.coli bacteremia (common in young cattle)

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bacterial interstitial nephritis?

A

Bacteremia -> renal interstitial capillaries -> migrate through vascular endothelium -> persist in interstitial space

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15
Q

Causes of interstitial nephritis in dogs?

A

Leptospirosis
Canine hepatitis virus (recovery phase)
Theileria parva

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16
Q

Causes of intersitial nephritis in cattle?

A

Ecoli
Leptospirosis
Malignant catarrhal fever

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17
Q

Causes of interstitial nephritis in sheep

A

Sheeppox

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18
Q

Causes of interstitial nephritis in pigs?

A

Leptospirosis
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
PCV-2

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19
Q

Causes of interstitial nephritis in horse?

A

Equine viral arteritis

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20
Q

Kidney is shrunken, pale and firm
Capsule is firmly adhered to cortex

Histo shows..
interstitial fibrosis
Tubular atrophy and dilation
Aggregate of lymphocytes and plasma cells

Disease?

A

Chronic interstitial nephritis

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21
Q

What do you call inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma?

A

Pyelonephritis

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22
Q

T/F: pyelonephritis is always bilateral

A

False

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23
Q

Pyelonephritis results form what type of infection? What species is it commonly seen in?

A

Ascending infection

Pig, cattle, and dog

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24
Q

What are predisposing factors to pyelonephritis ?

A

Urinary obstruction -> urine stasis facilitates bacterial growth

Abnormal vesico-urethral reflux (retrograde flow of urine) normally prevented by the oblique insertion of ureters into bladder wall

Cystitis (female>male)

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25
Q

What conditions may interfere with ureteral peristalitc waves and predispose to vesicourethral reflux?

A

Cystitis and ureteritis

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26
Q

Suppurative exudate in pelvic cavity with partial destruction of medulla, irregular discoloration of cortex.

Disease?

A

Pyelonephritis

27
Q

Histology of kidney..
large number of neutrophils and bacteria in lumen of renal tubules. Necrosis of tubular epithelium . Glomerulus still intact

Disease

A

Acute Pyelonephritis

Ascending infection affecting renal tubules and not glomerulus

28
Q

White bands of scar tissue Extending from cortex to medulla, interstitial fibrosis and loss of tubules

Disease?

A

Chronic pyelonephritis

29
Q

What is a form of chronic nephritis characterized by predominance of machrophages in the inflammatory infiltrate ?

A

Granulomatous nephritis

30
Q

In a cat

Multifocal to coalescing off-white raised nodules or cortical and cut surface of the kidney

DDx?

A

Granulomatous nephritis -> Feline infectious peritonitis

Lymphosarcoma (often more diffuse)

31
Q

Mycobacterium bovis would result in what type of nephritis?

A

Granulomatous nephritis

32
Q

What nematode of horses causes granulomatous nephritis by its migration through the kidney?

A

Halicephalobus gingivalis

33
Q

A large nematode of mink and dog that is in the renal pelvis and can sometimes be found free in peritoneal cavity

A

Diocticophyma renale

Giant kidney worm

34
Q

In pig

Larvae that migrates from intestine to liver, causing hepatitis and phlebitis, and then crosses the peritoneal cavity to the peri-renal fat and form cysts within the renal pelvis of the kidney

A

Stephanurus dentatus

35
Q

Hydatid cyst on surface of kidney of moose

EDx?

A

Echinococcus granulosus

36
Q

What is an abnormal and permanent dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with progressive atrophy of renal parenchyma ?

A

Hydronephrosis

37
Q

What are causes of hydronephrosis ?

A

Increased pressure due to obstruction of urine outflow

  • congenital malformation
  • calculi (uroliths)
  • iatrogenic
  • chronic inflammation
  • neoplasia
  • torsion
38
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hydronephrosis ?

A

Urine filtrate diffuses into renal interstitum -> absorbed by lymphatic -> pressure shuts down blood vessels -> papillary necrosis and atrophy of renal parenchyma

39
Q

What is the kidneys response to injury?

A

Tubular regeneration
Fibrosis (if BM is damaged)
Nephrosclerosis is fibrosis is severe

40
Q

What is an end-stage kidney?

A

Kidney severely affected by chronic inflammation and fibrosis -> pale, shrunken, and firm

-not possible to determine initial injury

41
Q

What is the difference between renal disease and renal failure?

A

Renal disease- any deviation from normal renal structure or function

Renal failure- inability of the kidney to maintain normal function (loss of at least 70% of kidney function)

42
Q

Clinical syndrome of toxemia due to intravascular accumulation of endogenous toxic waste substances like urea, creatinine, uric acid, phenolic acid, ect..

A

Uremia

43
Q

Clinical signs of uremia?

A 
Vomiting
Dehydration and anascara 
Polydipsia, anuria, oliguria, poliuria 
Ammonical breath 
Malaise
44
Q

What are the non-renal lesions of uremia?

A 
Uremic stomatitis/glossitis 
Hemorrhagic ulcerative gastritis and colitis 
Endocarditis/mucoarteritis 
Tissue mineralization 
Pulmonary edema
45
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic ulcerative gastritis due to uremia?

A

Arteriolar necrosis and mucosal infarction

Mineralization of the gastric glands

46
Q

What is the pathogenesis of mucoarteritis/endocarditis due to uremia?

A

Deposition of glycosaminioglycans -> fibrinoid degeneration of the subendocardial CT

Most common in left atria and proximal aorta

47
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema resulting for uremia?

A

Damage to the air-blood barrier and plasma fluid leaks into alveoli

Often the cause of death in uremic animals

48
Q

T/F: abnormal renal function can result in excessive retention of phosphorus

A

True

49
Q

What is secondary renal hyperparathyroidism?

A

Phosphorus levels increased due to decreased renal excretion

-> parathyroid stimulated to increase PTH -> increase Ca

(Maintain ratio between Ca and Phos)

50
Q

What type of tumors can be present in the kidney?

A

Renal adenoma
Renal adenocarcinoma
Renal cystadenocarcinoma

51
Q

A primary urinary tumor common in pigs, rats, and chickens that grows to very large sizes and is composed of immature renal parenchyma

A

Nephroblastoma

52
Q

What is the formation of solid or semisolid concretions in the urinary collecting system?

A

Urolithiasis (calculi)

53
Q

What are predisposing factors to urolithaiaiss?

A

Increased concentration (supersaturation)

Low urine volume (dehydration/low water consumption)

Urine pH
UTI

High phosphate diet in sheep
High silica levels

Struvites

54
Q

Clinical signs of ureathral obstruction by uroliths?

A

Dysuria
Stranguria
Pollakiuria
Heamturia

55
Q

“Water belly” is due to?

A

Ruptured bladder due to urethral obstruction

56
Q

What are causes of cystitis?

A

Bacterial infections

Accumulation of uroliths

Toxins (eg blister beetle-cantharidin)

57
Q

In cattle what causes a chronic enzootic hemturia ?

A

Bracken fern

-> toxic and carcinogenic compounds leads to cystitis, adenocarcinomas, and papilloma

58
Q

In bladder..

Mucosal hemorrhage and ulceration
Production of exudate (hemorrhagic and fibrinopurulent)

MDx?

A

Acute cystitis

59
Q

In bladder..

Multifocal lymphoid hyperplasia (follicular cystitis)
Polyploid cystitis

MDx?

A

Chronic cystitis

60
Q

__________ cystitis can develop in some dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus

A

Emphysematous

61
Q

A common condition in male cats characterized by urethral obstruction by a plug composed of protein and cellular debris

A

Feline lower urinary tract disease

62
Q

What are predisposing factors to feline lower urinary tract disease?

A

Diet high in Mg and phosphate

Alkaline urine pH

Decreased fluid consumption

63
Q

What types of tumors can be seen in the bladder?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma
Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma
Fibromatous/fibrosarcoma
Hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma

64
Q

Multifocal raised noduels or focal thickening (plaques) of the urinary bladder, commonly in trigone region of bladder

What type of neoplasm is this?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

RUSVM Pathology 2 (16 decks)

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