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RUSVM Pathology 2 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of sex?

A

Chromosomal
Gonadal
Phenotypic

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2
Q

__________________ ducts lead to MALE development

A

Mesonephric (wolfian)

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3
Q

_______________ ducts lead to FEMALE development

A

Paramesonephric (mullerian)

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4
Q

Animals that have gonads of both sexes

A

Hermaphrodites

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5
Q

Animals with an inconsistency with gonads and tubular genitalia

A

Pseudohermaphrodites

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6
Q

What can occur where there are male and female town fetuses ?

A

A sterile co-twin female > freemartin

Exchange of blood between male and female-> male hormones transferred to female-> sterile

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7
Q

Follicular cysts can arise from??

A

Estrogen -> prolonged estrus or anoestrus

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8
Q

Leutenized cysts can arise from?

A

Progesterone -> anoestrum

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9
Q

What are the ovarian neoplasms??

A
  1. Sex chord tumors- granulosa - theca cell tumors
  2. Epithelial tumors- adenoma and adenocarcinoma
  3. Germ cell tumors- dysgerminoma and teratoma
  4. Nongonadal tumors
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10
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor in cows and mares?

A

Granulosa cell tumor

  • generally unilateral, large and nonmalignatn
  • solid or poly cystic with hemorrhage and necrosis
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11
Q

What is diagnostic of a granulosa cell tumor ?

A

Call-exner bodies (rosettes of granulosa cells surrounding pink proteinaceous fluid)

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12
Q

Mass containing cells for two or more germ cell lines: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm

A

Teratoma

  • can include hair, cartilage, bone, liver, kidney
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13
Q

What are tumors of primordial germ cells of the embryonic gonad, all are considered malignant

A

Dysgerminoma

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14
Q

Tumor of the epithelial cells of the ovary

A

Ovarian adenoma

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15
Q

Inflammationof the ovary

A

Oophoritis

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16
Q

What animal has two cervices?

A

Rabbit

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17
Q

What animal has proportionally longer horns compared to the cervix

A

Sow

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18
Q

Uterine tube is distended and filled with clear watery mucus

A

Hydrosalpinx

Usually secondary to obstruction

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19
Q

Accumulation of pus in the uterine tube

A

Pyosalpinx

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20
Q

Uterine torsion most commonly occurs in __________ uterus and accounts for 5-10% of dystocia in mares

A

Enlarged (pregnancy, pyometra, or mucometra)

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21
Q

When the uterus has exeriorized and exposed to the environment

A

Uterine prolapse

-> dystocia, forced traction, retained placental post parturent hypocalcemia

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22
Q

Rupture of the uterus can occur from??

A

Obstetrical manipulations
Dystocia
Fluid infusions

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23
Q

Accumulation of thin or viscous fluid in the uterus, secondary to endometrial hyperplasia or congenital obstruction

A

Hydrometra

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24
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia is often due to _____________________

A

Prolonged hyperestrogenism or excess progesterone

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25
Q

Estrogen sources leading to endometrial hyperplasia could be??

A 
Cystic ovarian follicles 
Granulosa cell tumors
Estrogenic pastures (clover-sheep) 
Zearalenone (mycotoxin)
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26
Q

What are the most frequent disorders of the uterus in middle aged and older intact dogs?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Pyometra

-> abnormal response of uterus to prolonged periods of high serum progesterone during luteal phase

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27
Q

Fluid filled distention of endometrial glands is called?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

-> if endometrial secretions accumulate -> infection -> pyometra

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28
Q

What causes endometrial hyperplasia in female dogs?

A

Estrogen -> receptor on endometrium -> synthesisi of progesterone receptors-> progesterone binding -> accumulations of endometrial secretions -> progesterone immunosuppresses -> bacterial growth causing pyometra -> low grade infection causing endometrial hyperplasia

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29
Q

Dog

Depressed and anorexic
PU/PD
Vaginal discharge

Dx?

A

Pyometra

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30
Q

What extragenital lesions are associated with pyometra in dogs?

A

Bone marrow depression and anemia
Marked EMH in spleen and liverr
Marked leucocytoisis
Immune complex glomerulonephritis

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31
Q

Contagious equine metritis is a congenital disease in mares caused by ____________

A

Taylorella equigenitalis (gram neg)

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32
Q

Contagious equine metritis clinically manifests as??

A

Temporary infertility and mild to moderate inflmmation of endometrium

Stallions transmit but do not develop clinical disease

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33
Q

T/F: CEM is reportable

A

Yes, in many states

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34
Q

Endometrial biopsy are evaluated on ID and scoring of what 4 microscopic lesions ?

A

Inflammation
Dilation of lymphatic
Loss of glands
Fibrosis

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35
Q

_____________ from endometrial inflammation and edema results in endometrial glands forming nests

A

Fibrosis

-> lack of fertility due to a lack of attachment of the concepts or failure of formation of normal microcotyledons and reduced placental area

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36
Q

Presence of endometrial glands and stroma between the muscle bundles of the myometrium

A

Uterus adenomyosis

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37
Q

Actively growing endometrial tissues that are explained to Ab era the sites within and outside the uterus

A

Endometriosis (ectopic endometrial glands)

-> humans and primates

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38
Q

A smooth muscle tumor of the uterus is called?

A

Uterine leiomyoma

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39
Q

What uterine neoplasm is very common in rabbits?

A

Uterine adenocarcinoma

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40
Q

What is the most common metastatic neoplasm found in the uterus of the cow?

A

Lympocarcoma

Bovine leukosis virus -positive cows

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41
Q

A malignant smooth muscle tumor is called?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

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42
Q

In cattle, the corpus luteum is maintained by the blastoderm secreting ___________ to inhibit PGF2 and luteolysis

A

IFNy

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43
Q

_________________ is secreted from endometrial cups in the mare stimulates corpus luteum and the fetal chorion takes over progesterone production

A

Chorionic gonadotropin

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44
Q

Layer that contacts the mother, in most species is fused with the allanotis

A

Chorion

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45
Q

Contains the fetal urine and other fluids arising from the membrane itself

A

Allanotis

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46
Q

Smooth translucent membrane that surrounds the fetus and hold amniotic fluid, the fetal side can be identified by amniotic plaques

A

Amnion

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47
Q

Dome shaped areas in the uterus of the ruminat

A

Caruncles

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48
Q

___________ attaches the the caruncle to form the placentome, where maternal-fetal blood is exchanged

A

Cotyledons

49
Q

Ruminants have the maximum number of cell layers on both maternal and fetal side of the placenta, what is the significance?

A

Low permeability for large molecules -> antibodies will not cross => newborns need colostrum

50
Q

What are amniotic plaques and what is their significance in pathology?

A

Foci of squamous epithelium on the internal surface of aminion, common in bovine

Incidental finding

51
Q

What species has a diffuse placenta?

A

Swine and horse

52
Q

In horses, a non glandular area of placenta near the cervix, made of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Cervical star

53
Q

What species have a zonary placenta?

A

Cat and dog

54
Q

What species have a discoid placenta?

A

Mice, rates, primates

55
Q

What are the types of placenta from most to least number of layers between the mother and the fetus

A

Cotyledonary = diffuse > zonary > discoid

56
Q

____________ are flat, smooth, and rubbery congregates of proteins and minerals found in the allantoic fluid of all herbivores

A

Hippomanes

Incidental finding

57
Q

Placental insufficiency is seen in cases of:

A 
Twinning 
Endometrial fibrosis 
Premature placental separation 
Uterine body pregnancy 
Torsion of the umbilical cord
58
Q

What is adventitial Placentation ?

A

Development of intercotyledonary placentation in cattle as a mechanism of compensation for inadequate development of placentomes

59
Q

What do you call an excessive accumulation of fluid in the amniotic or allantoic sacs? What are each of these conditions associated with?

A

Hydramnios -> associated with malformation of the foetus

Hydroallantois -> associated with uterine disease with inadequate numbers of caruncles and the development of Adventist placentation in cattle

60
Q

When the placenta is not expelled with the fetus at birth

A

Retained placental

-> leads to bacterial infection due to patent cervix -> endometritis

61
Q

In a dog..
multiple segmental thickening visible form the serosal surface
endometrium is hemorrhagic and thickened

Placental sites are raised, rough, gray-brown plaques

Uterine lumen contains small amounts of seroanguinous fluid

Endometrium between sites is normal

Dx?

A

Subinvolution of placental sites

Can have rupture -> hemoperitoneum

62
Q

Loss of pregnancy during the early stage of gestation is called??
What infectious agents can cause this?

A

Early embryonic death

Leptospirosis
Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis
Tritrichomonas fetus

63
Q

______________ is the expulsion of a fetus prior to the expected viability

A

Abortion

64
Q

________________is the death of the fetus in the last part of gestation during the period where it is independently viable

A

Stillbirth

65
Q

_____________ is when a fetus is retain indefinitely and becomes dehydrated

A

Mummification

66
Q

______________ is when a fetus is retained and is infected by bacteria

A

Maceration

-> dystocia or incomplete abortion

67
Q

What are the criteria for submission of aborted bovine fetuses for diagnostic evaluation ?

A
  1. When abortion rate exceeds 3% (max tolerable abortion rate)
  2. When a number of animals abort over a short period of time
68
Q

What gross placental lesions can be found in campylobacter foetus subsp venerealis ?

A

Intercotyledoary placentitis and necrosis of the cotyledons

69
Q

For diagnostic testing, where can tritrichomonas foetus be found?

A

Preputial washes
Vaginal mucus
Aborted fetus -> stomach contents

70
Q

What abnormalities can be seen with the umbilical cord?

A

Longer cords -> foal strangulation and necrosis of the cervical pole of the placenta

Short cord -> premature separate of placenta at site of attachment

Umbilical cord torsion

71
Q

What is the normal length of the umbilical cord?

A

36-38cm long

72
Q

What infectous organisms can be responsible for pregnancy failure in pigs??

A 
Actinomyces pyogenes 
E.coli 
Staph aureus 
Aspergillus 
Erysipelothrix
Pasturella 
Salmonella 
Strep spp

Brucellosis suis

Porcine parvovirus -> SMEDI
Enteroviruses

73
Q

What infectious agents can cause pregnancy failure in dogs

A

Salmonella

Brucella canis

74
Q

What is the protocol for assessing aborted fetuses?

A 
Gross examination 
Sample collection (placenta and fetal organs) 
Histopathology 
Culture 
Virus isolation 
Serology fetus and mother
75
Q

Aborted fetus and placenta has a leathery plaque like lesions is associated with ___________

A

Mycotic abortion

76
Q

What protozoan is associated with cotyledonary necrosis ?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

Cats carry in GI tract -> ruminants come ingest fecal material

77
Q

Aborted fetus

-> liver with multifocal necrotizing hepatitis

A

Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus OR C. Jejuni

78
Q

Multifocal liver necrosis in a horse

Histopathology shows intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

Equine herpesvirus 1

79
Q

_______________________ from a cow is covered in hair, is the remnant of a twin fetus and is attached to the placenta of the normal twin by a stalk

A

Acardiac monster (bovine amorphous globosus)

80
Q

What are teratogens

A

Toxins, drugs, infectious agents leading to fetal abnormalities

81
Q

What reproductive organ functions as a reservoir for spermatozoa in some animal species?

A

Cervix

82
Q

What do you call inflammation of the cervix?

A

Cervicitis

Result of injury and secondary infection or extension from endometrium

83
Q

What are the female glands called that are anatomical analogs of the bulbourethral (Cowpers) glands in males?

A

Bartholins gland (cystic ) –> incidental findings

84
Q

What do you call cysts of the vagina? Are they significant?

A

Nabothian cysts

Not dangerous/significant

85
Q

You go to a farm and find that the female pigs and cattle have hyperplastic vulvas. In your history you discover the farmer has been feeding these animals corn?

what do you suspend the is wrong?

A

Moldy corn contaminated with Fusarium fungus -> produce toxin called zearaleone -> mimics estrogen and causes vulva hyperplasia

86
Q

What is another name for vulvuar hyperplasia ?

A

Tumefaction

87
Q

Cow

You see 1-2mm raised, white nodules on the vulval mucosa-> appears granular

What is your Dx?

A

Infection of vulva or vagina with Ureplasma diversum

Lymphocytic –> white nodules

88
Q

You go to a goat farm and see necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa of the vestibule. Histopathology shows intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. You recall that you have seen similar lesions in a cow before, what would be the etiology for these lesions in each species?

A

Cow - bovine herpes virus 1

Goat- caprine herpes virus 1

89
Q

Horse

Large, full-thickness ulcers around the perinum and on the valvular skin. Healed regions are depigmented

Etiology?

A

Equine herpes virus 3

90
Q

What species can have transmissible venereal tumors?

A

Dogs

-transfer of cells that implant

91
Q

Lucky you.. you have been selected to work as an unpaid intern at a zoo in Australia…

Your first patient is a Tasmanian devil and as a species on the edge of extinction, their fate lies in you hands…

This poor dude has a mass in his buccal cavity. You decide to take a cytology sample..

Cytology shows round cell with a few mitotic figures..
What would be you Dx? What can you tell the children anxiously waiting to see this Tasmanian devil at the zoo??

A

Devil facial tumor disease

Transmitted through biting
… unfortunately your news is not good.. you have to tell the loyal fans of this Tasmanian devil that they usually die within months of the tumor becoming visible. :(

92
Q

T/F: Mastitis is usually due to infectious agents like bacteria or fungi that gain access though the teat canal

A

True

93
Q

In a cow..

severe necrotic mastitis is usually caused by what bacteria

A

Coliform bacteria

Eg
Ecoli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter

94
Q

What is the MDx for a cow that has yellow, viscous pus filling the lactiferous sinus and ducts?

A

Supperative mastitis

95
Q

Infection of nocardia in the mammary glands will lead to what lesions?

A

Chronic mastitis and galactophoritis

Pyogranulomatous and abscessation

96
Q

What are the contagious causes of mastitis?

A

Streptococcus agalactinae
Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma spp

97
Q

What are the environmental causes of mastitis?

A

Coliforms

Environmental streptococci

98
Q

Staph aureus produces _______________ that causes gangrenous mastitis due to vasoconstriction and ischemia

A

A-toxin

99
Q

Coliform mastitis cause damage through __________ that causes vascular damage leading to fluid exudate, hemorrhage, thrombosis, and necrosis

A

Endotoxin

100
Q

Coliform mastitis usually is most severe in ??

A

Newly calved cows who are transiently immunosuppressed

101
Q

What organisms can cause a granulomatous mastitis?

A

Mycobacterium
Nocardia
Candida

102
Q

What is usually the abuse of a diffuse interstitial mastitis that is not visible grossly?

A

Viral disease

Eg ovine progressive pneumonia (Maedi-Visna) or caprine arthritis virus (CAE)

103
Q

Mammary gland neoplasms are most commonly seen in what sp?

A

Cat and dog

104
Q

Most (90%) canine mammary neoplasms are ____________ cell tumors while the remained are _____________ types of tumors

A

Epithelial; sarcomas and mixed

105
Q

What has show to significantly reduce the risk of mammary tumor development in dogs

A

Ovariohysterectomy at early age

106
Q

A __________________ is a proliferation of a well-differentiated luminal epithelial cells of the mammary gland

A

Simple adenoma

107
Q

A ________________ is a mixed proliferation of secretory epithelial cells an myoepitheial cells of a mammary gland

A

Complex adenoma

108
Q

____________ is a mixture of epithelial and stromal cells of a mammary gland

A

Fibroadenoma

109
Q

___________________ is a proliferation of glandular and mesenchymal elements

A

Benign mixed tumor

110
Q

________________ is a papillomatous projection in distended ducts of the mammary

A

Duct papilloma

111
Q

What is the most common site of extraskeletal soft tissue osteosarcomas in dogs?

A

Mammary glands

112
Q

Carcinosarcomas are also called ?

A

Malignant mixed tumors -> mix of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components

113
Q

What are used as prognonstic factors for canine mammary tumors?

A 
Histologically type 
Degree of invasion 
Degree of nuclear differentiation 
Lymphoid cellular reactivity 
Size 
Ulceration 
Inflammation 
Estrogen and progesterone receptor status
114
Q

T/F:younger dogs are more likely to have benign neoplasms than older dogs

A

True

115
Q

T/F: most mammary neoplasms in cats are malignant

A

True

116
Q

Most feline mammary neoplasms are what type of tumor?

A

Adenocarcinoma -> rapid growth and common metastases

117
Q

What is the single most important prognostic factor for mammary gland neoplasia in cats?

A

Tumor size

Tumors <2cm have better prognosis

118
Q

A mammary gland neoplasia in rats are almost always a _________

A

Fibroadenoma

RUSVM Pathology 2 (16 decks)

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