Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What are the compensatory mechanisms that help to maintain cardiac function?
Cardiac dilatation Myocardial hypertrophy Increase HR Increase PR Redistribution of blood flow
Which of the following processes are irreversible ?
Fatty degeneration Lipofuscinosis Vacuolar degeneration Neoplasia Myoctytolysis Fatty infiltration
Lipofuscinosis
Neoplasia
What are the 3 alterations of blood flow in the fetal circulation?
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Ductus venosus
Serous atrophy results from
Starvation
Acute onset of cardiac failure curing collapse and unconsciousness ?
Cardiac syncope
What develops slowly from gradual loss of cardiac output due to pressure or volume overload or myocardial injury?
Congestive heart failure
Brisket edema is a common sign of?
Right sided heart fialure
-> increased hydrostatic pressure leads to edema
What should the ventricular to atrial ratio be?
3:1
What do you call a blood filled cyst on the mitral valve? Is it significant?
Valvular hematocyst
Usually not associated with any clinical signs
What is tetralogy of fallout?
4 abnormalities
- narrowing of pulmonary valve
- thickening of the right ventricle
- displacement of aorta over ventricular septal defect
- ventricular septal defect
Tetralogy of fallout is inherited in what dog breeds?
Keeshonds
English bulldogs
And pulmonic stenosis will lead to ?
Right ventricular hypertrophy (compensatory)
What is the most commonly encountered cardiac anomalies in dog?
Aortic stenosis (subvalvular)
- fibrous band deposited under the aortic valve –> leads to compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle ad post-Stenio dilation of the aorta
What is the most common valvular abnormality in cats?
Tricuspid dysplasia
-not compatible with life
What defect is present when there is communication between the right and left ventricles
Ventricular septal defect
What is a “jet lesion” ?
Endocardial fibrosis within the right ventricular free wall due to the forceful blood flow through a ventricular septal defect
T/F: apparent ductus arteriosus has been reported in all species?
True
What is the sequel of patent ductus arteriosus?
Movement of blood from aorta to pulmonary artery -> back up of blood in right side of heart –> right sided heart failure
Dysphagia and megaesophagus results from what congenital abnormality
Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
What breeds of dogs are predisposed to PRAA
German shepherds
Irish setters
Great Danes
In an old dog, hemopericardium often results due to ?
Rupture of a hemangiosarcoma
Pericardial effusion in a pig. What disease is this?
Mulberry heart disease
VitE/selenium deficiency
-> mottled and pale appearance of heart, fluid is cloudy
A fibrinous pericarditis in a calf is due to?
Clostridium chaouvei
“Black leg”
A fibrinous pericarditis is a. Pig is due to?
Hemophilus parasuis
Glassers disease
Hardware disease can lead to a chronic pericarditis and build up of fibrin and fluid which causes???
Cardiac tamponade
What disease can occur secondary to excessive vitamin D or calcinogenic plants?
Endocardial mineralization
What is an age related change in middle-aged to old dogs characterized by degeneration of valvular collagen
Valvular endocardosis
What breed of dog Hal’s 100% prevalence of valvular endocardosis by age 10?
Calvalier kind Charles spaniels
Degeneration of valvular collagen
Normal appearing valves but shortening of the leaflets and development of nodules
What is this?
Valvular endocardosis (valvular fibrosis, myxomatosis or mucous valvular degeneration )
What jet lesion is associated with valvular endocardosis ?
Fibro-elastosis within the atrium
What is the pathogenesis of endocarditis?
Often due to bacterial infection -> endothelial injury, blood turbulence, and hypercoaguablity
Death from valve dysfunction
Chronic lesions of endocarditis appear wart-like and are often referred to as ???
Vegetative or verrucous
In a pig.
Bacterial cause of valvular endocarditis
Erysipelas
What lesion in the heart can be a secondary lesions to renal failure and uremia
Chronic ulcerative mural endocarditis
-> white plaques of fibrous and mineralized tissue
Parasite of the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle in dog
Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm)
May lead to CHF resulting in endocarditis, endarteritis, and pulmonary thrombosis
Vitamin E-selenium deficiency results in what heart lesion in pigs?
Mulberry heart disease
Degeneration and necrosis
White muscle disease in horse can be due to what toxicity in horse?
Ionophore (monensin) toxicity
White paint brush appearance of endocardium in lamb
EDx
Nutritional myopathy
-> vitE deficiency
Most common primary cardiomyopathy in cats
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Most common primary cardiomyopathy in dogs
Dilated cardiomyopathy
-esp in young to middle aged dogs of giant for large breeds
Heart that is rounded and enlarged, walls of the ventricles are very thin.
MDx
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What endocrine disorder in cats is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Hyperthyroid
Histo of cat heart
Cardiomyocytes have variable hypertrophy and are arranged in a interweaving pattern rather than parallel
Disease
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Is myocarditis a primary or secondary cardiomyopathy?
Secondary
-due to hematogenous infection of virus bacteria, or parasite
Histophilus somni causes what lesions in the heart?
Acute necrotizing and supperative myocarditis
What is the cause of black leg in cattle?
Clostridum chauvoei
What is cysticercosis?
Infestation of larval taenia (tapeworm)
zoonotic
-> muscle of intermediate hosts
What are the primary cardiac neoplasias?
Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Schwanomma Hemangiosarcoma Heart base tumor (chemodectoma)
What is a chemodectoma?
Heart base tumor
-arises from aortic body (chemoreceptor)
A common metastatic tumor in the heart of bovines
Lymphosarcoma
What bacteria causes arteritis in pigs and leads to multiple cutaneous infarcts
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Diamond skin disease
What is “beagle pain syndrome” ?
An idiopathic necrotizing polyartertitis
What are causes of a fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis in swine?
Vit E/selenium deficiency “mulberry heart”
Ecoli -verotoxin “edema disease”
-> endothelial injury
What is a thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls due to plaques of cholesterol or other lipids?
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is associated with what endocrine disorder
Hypothyroid
Medial calcification causes a thickening and loss of arterial elasticity which is called?
Arteriosclerosis
What is a common cause of arterial mineralization in moo cows?
Johne’s diseaase
What predisposed mares to uterine artery rupture during parturition?
Low serum copper levels
What common infection of horses can lead to internal carotid artery in horses?
Guttural pouch myosis (mycotic vasculitis)
__________________ are reported in the coronary and renal arteries of young male racing greyhounds and can lead to fatal arterial rupture. Also associated copper deficiency in pigs.
Dissecting aneurysm
A patient with a protein losing nephropathy will be hyper or hypo- coagulable ?
Hypercoaguable -> loss of antithrombin III
Can lead to thrombosis
What nematode is associated with verminous arteritis in the cranial mesenteric artery of the horse?
Strongylus vulgaris
> migrants from the colonic lumen
