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RUSVM Pathology 2 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms that help to maintain cardiac function?

A 
Cardiac dilatation 
Myocardial hypertrophy 
Increase HR
Increase PR 
Redistribution of blood flow
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2
Q

Which of the following processes are irreversible ?

Fatty degeneration 
Lipofuscinosis 
Vacuolar degeneration 
Neoplasia 
Myoctytolysis 
Fatty infiltration
A

Lipofuscinosis

Neoplasia

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3
Q

What are the 3 alterations of blood flow in the fetal circulation?

A

Foramen ovale

Ductus arteriosus

Ductus venosus

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4
Q

Serous atrophy results from

A

Starvation

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5
Q

Acute onset of cardiac failure curing collapse and unconsciousness ?

A

Cardiac syncope

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6
Q

What develops slowly from gradual loss of cardiac output due to pressure or volume overload or myocardial injury?

A

Congestive heart failure

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7
Q

Brisket edema is a common sign of?

A

Right sided heart fialure

-> increased hydrostatic pressure leads to edema

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8
Q

What should the ventricular to atrial ratio be?

A

3:1

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9
Q

What do you call a blood filled cyst on the mitral valve? Is it significant?

A

Valvular hematocyst

Usually not associated with any clinical signs

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10
Q

What is tetralogy of fallout?

A

4 abnormalities

  • narrowing of pulmonary valve
  • thickening of the right ventricle
  • displacement of aorta over ventricular septal defect
  • ventricular septal defect
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11
Q

Tetralogy of fallout is inherited in what dog breeds?

A

Keeshonds

English bulldogs

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12
Q

And pulmonic stenosis will lead to ?

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy (compensatory)

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13
Q

What is the most commonly encountered cardiac anomalies in dog?

A

Aortic stenosis (subvalvular)

  • fibrous band deposited under the aortic valve –> leads to compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle ad post-Stenio dilation of the aorta
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14
Q

What is the most common valvular abnormality in cats?

A

Tricuspid dysplasia

-not compatible with life

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15
Q

What defect is present when there is communication between the right and left ventricles

A

Ventricular septal defect

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16
Q

What is a “jet lesion” ?

A

Endocardial fibrosis within the right ventricular free wall due to the forceful blood flow through a ventricular septal defect

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17
Q

T/F: apparent ductus arteriosus has been reported in all species?

A

True

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18
Q

What is the sequel of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Movement of blood from aorta to pulmonary artery -> back up of blood in right side of heart –> right sided heart failure

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19
Q

Dysphagia and megaesophagus results from what congenital abnormality

A

Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

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20
Q

What breeds of dogs are predisposed to PRAA

A

German shepherds
Irish setters
Great Danes

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21
Q

In an old dog, hemopericardium often results due to ?

A

Rupture of a hemangiosarcoma

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22
Q

Pericardial effusion in a pig. What disease is this?

A

Mulberry heart disease

VitE/selenium deficiency

-> mottled and pale appearance of heart, fluid is cloudy

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23
Q

A fibrinous pericarditis in a calf is due to?

A

Clostridium chaouvei

“Black leg”

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24
Q

A fibrinous pericarditis is a. Pig is due to?

A

Hemophilus parasuis

Glassers disease

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25
Q

Hardware disease can lead to a chronic pericarditis and build up of fibrin and fluid which causes???

A

Cardiac tamponade

26
Q

What disease can occur secondary to excessive vitamin D or calcinogenic plants?

A

Endocardial mineralization

27
Q

What is an age related change in middle-aged to old dogs characterized by degeneration of valvular collagen

A

Valvular endocardosis

28
Q

What breed of dog Hal’s 100% prevalence of valvular endocardosis by age 10?

A

Calvalier kind Charles spaniels

29
Q

Degeneration of valvular collagen
Normal appearing valves but shortening of the leaflets and development of nodules

What is this?

A

Valvular endocardosis (valvular fibrosis, myxomatosis or mucous valvular degeneration )

30
Q

What jet lesion is associated with valvular endocardosis ?

A

Fibro-elastosis within the atrium

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of endocarditis?

A

Often due to bacterial infection -> endothelial injury, blood turbulence, and hypercoaguablity

Death from valve dysfunction

32
Q

Chronic lesions of endocarditis appear wart-like and are often referred to as ???

A

Vegetative or verrucous

33
Q

In a pig.

Bacterial cause of valvular endocarditis

A

Erysipelas

34
Q

What lesion in the heart can be a secondary lesions to renal failure and uremia

A

Chronic ulcerative mural endocarditis

-> white plaques of fibrous and mineralized tissue

35
Q

Parasite of the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle in dog

A

Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm)

May lead to CHF resulting in endocarditis, endarteritis, and pulmonary thrombosis

36
Q

Vitamin E-selenium deficiency results in what heart lesion in pigs?

A

Mulberry heart disease

Degeneration and necrosis

37
Q

White muscle disease in horse can be due to what toxicity in horse?

A

Ionophore (monensin) toxicity

38
Q

White paint brush appearance of endocardium in lamb

EDx

A

Nutritional myopathy

-> vitE deficiency

39
Q

Most common primary cardiomyopathy in cats

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

40
Q

Most common primary cardiomyopathy in dogs

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

-esp in young to middle aged dogs of giant for large breeds

41
Q

Heart that is rounded and enlarged, walls of the ventricles are very thin.

MDx

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

42
Q

What endocrine disorder in cats is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Hyperthyroid

43
Q

Histo of cat heart

Cardiomyocytes have variable hypertrophy and are arranged in a interweaving pattern rather than parallel

Disease

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

44
Q

Is myocarditis a primary or secondary cardiomyopathy?

A

Secondary

-due to hematogenous infection of virus bacteria, or parasite

45
Q

Histophilus somni causes what lesions in the heart?

A

Acute necrotizing and supperative myocarditis

46
Q

What is the cause of black leg in cattle?

A

Clostridum chauvoei

47
Q

What is cysticercosis?

A

Infestation of larval taenia (tapeworm)
zoonotic

-> muscle of intermediate hosts

48
Q

What are the primary cardiac neoplasias?

A 
Rhabdomyoma 
Rhabdomyosarcoma 
Schwanomma 
Hemangiosarcoma 
Heart base tumor (chemodectoma)
49
Q

What is a chemodectoma?

A

Heart base tumor

-arises from aortic body (chemoreceptor)

50
Q

A common metastatic tumor in the heart of bovines

A

Lymphosarcoma

51
Q

What bacteria causes arteritis in pigs and leads to multiple cutaneous infarcts

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Diamond skin disease

52
Q

What is “beagle pain syndrome” ?

A

An idiopathic necrotizing polyartertitis

53
Q

What are causes of a fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis in swine?

A

Vit E/selenium deficiency “mulberry heart”

Ecoli -verotoxin “edema disease”
-> endothelial injury

54
Q

What is a thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls due to plaques of cholesterol or other lipids?

A

Atherosclerosis

55
Q

Atherosclerosis is associated with what endocrine disorder

A

Hypothyroid

56
Q

Medial calcification causes a thickening and loss of arterial elasticity which is called?

A

Arteriosclerosis

57
Q

What is a common cause of arterial mineralization in moo cows?

A

Johne’s diseaase

58
Q

What predisposed mares to uterine artery rupture during parturition?

A

Low serum copper levels

59
Q

What common infection of horses can lead to internal carotid artery in horses?

A

Guttural pouch myosis (mycotic vasculitis)

60
Q

__________________ are reported in the coronary and renal arteries of young male racing greyhounds and can lead to fatal arterial rupture. Also associated copper deficiency in pigs.

A

Dissecting aneurysm

61
Q

A patient with a protein losing nephropathy will be hyper or hypo- coagulable ?

A

Hypercoaguable -> loss of antithrombin III

Can lead to thrombosis

62
Q

What nematode is associated with verminous arteritis in the cranial mesenteric artery of the horse?

A

Strongylus vulgaris

> migrants from the colonic lumen

RUSVM Pathology 2 (16 decks)

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