Respiratory Flashcards
The conducting system of the respiratory tract induces?
Nasal cavity Paranasal sinus Larynx Trachea Bronchi
What system of the respiratory system is made of only bronchioles, lined by Clara cells
Transitional system
What system of the respiratory tracts is made of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?
Exchange system
T/F: bronchioles have goblet cells
False
A healthy individual should not have these or very few
What type of epithelial cells are found in alveoli?
Type I (membranous) Type II (granular) pneumocytes
The bronchial arteries carry (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood to the lungs
Oxygenated
what bacteria of normal flora is commonly found in cattle and can cause shipping fever?
Mannheimia haemolytica
T/F: bordetella brochispetica can be found as a normal commenal of the lower respiratory tract
False
Lower respiratory tract is considered sterile (no normal flora there)
This can be found as a normal flora of the upper resp tract
Are the the non-immune mediated defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract?
Mucous trapping
Mucociliary
Phagocytosis
Air turbulence (coughing or sneezing)
What species are intravasular macrophages found in?
Ruminant
Cat
Pig
Horse
In dogs, rodents, and humans, what cells are responsible form removing circulating bacteria or particles?
Kupffer cells (liver) or splenic macrophages
What is commonly the cause of epistaxis in old horses?
Ethmoidal hematoma
Other causes:
Trauma
Exercised induces
Mycotic infection of the guttural pouch
A fibrinous rhinitis and formation of a diptheritic membrane in a calf is due to ???
Infectious bovine rhiotracheitis (bovine herpesvirus 1)
What parasite of sheep can be found in the nasal cavity of sheep, sometimes penetrating the into the sinuses or brain cavity?
Oestrus ovis (nasal bot)
Commonly see mucous/catarrhal rhinitis
Neurological disease
PM of pig
Atrophy of nasal turbinates and deviated nasal septum
Disease name and etiology?
Atopic rhinitis
Bordetella brochispetica > toxin against osteoblasts
Pasteurella multocidia > toxin against osteoclast
What is the etiology of inclusion body rhinitis?
Porcine cytomegalovirus (suid herpesvirus 2)
What are two viruses of cats causing rhinotracheitis ?
Feline herpesvirus 1 Feline calicivirus (usually with vesicles/ulcers on tongue)
Feline calicivirus can cause what conditions ?
Conjunctivitis
Rhinotracheitis
Ulcerative/vesicular stomatitis
Diffuse interstitial pneumonia
What fungal organisms of dogs can produce a granulomatous rhinitis in the nasal mucosa?
Rhinosporidium seeberi
What do you call trapped air in the guttural pouch?
Guttural pouch tympany - usually due to a malformation of the distal end of the Eustachian tube
Horse with .. enlarged guttural pouch and lymph nodes, along with supperative exudate from lesions along the jaw lien
Strangles - streptococcus equi
What nerves and arteries are we concerned about in Stranges?
Internal carotid artery > erosion of the artery wall can lead to epistaxis or fatal hemorrhage
CN IV, IX, X, XI, and XII
What is often the etiologic agent of guttural pouch mycosis ?
Aspergillus
What stains are used to visualize fungal infections?
PAS (periodic acid shiff)
GMS (Gomori’s methenamine silver)
Enzootic nasal carcinoma is found in what species and is caused by what?
Sheep
Ovine beta-retrovirus (enzootic nasal tumor virus)
What is the most likely etiology of calf diphtheria ?
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (bovine herpesvirus 1)
Followed by secondary infection of fusobacterium necrophorum
Horse
Roaring sound???
Neuropathy of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve -> atrophy of the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
What is the cause of tracheal collapse?
Who is this mainly seen in?
Widening of the cartilaginous rings causes flattening of the dorsal ligament of the trachea
Miniature/toy dog breeds
Occasionally horse, cattle, and goat
Etiology of fibronecrtozing laryngotracheitis in cattle?
infectous bovine rhinotracheitis
What lesions can be seen in a systemic herpesvirus infection in a claf?
Ulcerative and necrotizing lesions in the rumen
Foci of necrotic hepatitis
What is the primary pathogen of kennel cough?
Bordetella brochispetica
Horse
Head and neck are extended
Nasal flaring
Mucous nasal discharge
Heave line
Recurrent airway obstruction
Clinical signs caused by resistance to airflow/ diffuse bronchoconstriction
Mucous in the airway (bronchioles) of a horse is called ________ ,and in a feline is __________
Recurrent airway obstruction
Feline asthma/feline allergic bronchitis/ hyperactive airway disease
The blood air barrier is composed of?
Vascular endothelium
BM of endothelial cells
BM of type I pneumocytes and its cytoplasm
Hemorrhage in the dorsal caudal portion of the caudal lungs lobes of a race horse
Most likely exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
Elevation in arterial and capillary pressures during strenuous exercise
What is the sequel of bacterial infection leading to pulmonary thromboembolism ?
Bacteria in the circulation (eg originating from ruminal epithelium in the case of ruminal acidosis) -> hepatic abscessation -> vena cava thrombosis -> emboli travel to heart and lung causing valvular endocarditis and pulmonary thromboembolism
What are the main pathogenic mechanism leading to pulmonary edema?
- Increased hydrostatic pressure (cardiogenic edema)
- Increased vascular permeability (injury to blood air barrier)
- Obstruction to lymphatic drainage. Eg neoplasm of thoracic lymph nodes or vessels
What is pulmonary anthracosis?
Carbon deposits int he lungs usually around brochioles
Pinpoint black discoloration
Usually linked with exposure to pollution
___________ is an incomplete expansion of lungs (or portions)
Atelectasis
Pulmonary parachyma is dark-red and sunken. Consistency is fleshy and dense.
Atelectasis
Can be acquired (space occupying lesions) or congenital
What are acquired causes of atelectasis ?
Space occupying lesions -hydrothorax -hemothorax -pleutitis Pneumothorax
Obstructive - inflammation or edema
What is meconium aspiration syndrome
Dystocia -> dedication in the amniotic sac -> inhalation -> patchy atelectasis and development of pulmonary disease
___________ is permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls
Pulmonary emphysema
-> decrease SA and gas exchange -> respiratory distress
Pulmonary emphysema is always secondary to ____________________
Obstruction of outflow of air or agonal at slaughter
Freq in animals with bronchopneumonia
What are the two types of emphysema in cattle?
Bulbous emphysema: large focal air-filled spaces (bulla) –>rupture causes fatal pneumothorax
Interstitial emphysema
____________________ is characterized by discoloration (dark red) in the anteroventral portion of the lung
Supperative bronchopneumonia
Bacteria from an aerogenous route
_________________ is characterized by a discoloured (red with yellow) in the anteroventral portion of the lung
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Yellow=> fibrous
Eg shipping pneumonia
__________________ is characterized by lungs that have and increase in size, may have rib indentations, and have increased consistency
Interstitial pneumonia
-viral
______________ is characterized by a multifocal dark red discolourations randomly distributed throughout the lungs
Embolic pneumonia
-systemic bacterial infections
____________________ is characterized by a multifocal yellowish/white discolourations randomly distributed throughout the lungs
Granulomatous pneumonia
-> Fungal/mycobacterium
Tumor metastases (a larger lesion will demonstrate that the primary tumor originated in the lungs)
______________ is characterized by a multifocal dark-red with yellow, discolourations that is distributed through the middle and caudal lobes the lungs
Porcine fibrinous pleuropneumonia
Actinobacillosis
______________ is characterized by bronchitis and pneumonia in the distal end of the caudal lung lobes
Verminous pneumonia (lung worms)
________________ is characterized by a unilateral discolouration in the anteriocaudal lung
Aspiration pneumonia
_______________ is characterized by unilateral discolouraton in an animal who has had prolonged recumbency
Hypostatic congestion
What are the viral pneumonias of cattle?
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Para-influenza 3 virus
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Formation of syncytial cells occurs in _________ and ___________ infections
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
Para-influenza 3 virus
What is the etiology of bovine enzootic pneumonia?
Mycoplasma
Chlamydiophila
Pasteurella Trueperella Histophilus Mannheimia E.coli
What deficiency in calves prevents the migration of neutrophils forms he capillaries, making them highly susceptible to bronchopneumonia?
Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BALD)
What acute respiratory disease can occur in cattle after shipment ?
Shipping fever
Mannheimia heamolytica -> most economically important respiratory disease of cattle in N. America
What distribution will shipping fever have in the lungs?
Anteroventral
Fibrous bronchopneumonia
Lung is bright red with interstial areas filled with fibrin, giving a marbled appearance. What is the MDx?
Fibrinous necrotizing supperative pneumonia
Pneumonic mannheimiosis
What disease does histophilus somni cause and what lesions will it cause in the lungs?
Sleepers sickness
Supperative or fibrinous bronchopneumonia
What bacteria is the most important cause of chronic respiratory disease in North American feedlot cattle?
Mycoplasma bovis
Chronic necrotizing bronchopneumonia
What type of necrosis is seen in bronchopneumonia caused by mycoplasma bovis
Caseous necrosis
- loss of architecture, surrounded by a rim of inflammatory cells
Granulomatous pneumonia in cattle. What should you suspect as a primary etiology?
Mycobacterium bovis
Will also see lesions in retropharyngeal l.n., lungs, thoracic and mesenteric l.n.
What are the lungworms found in cattle, sheep, and equids?
Dictylocaulus viviparus - cattle
Dictylocaulus filaria - sheep and goat
Dictylocaulus arnfeldi- equids
Cattle
Interstitial pneumonia and broncititis, located in the caudal lung lobes. You also see catarrhal discharge
Caudal lung lobes-> parasitic
Lung worms of cattle==> dictylocaulus viviparus
Pig
You see numerous thin and elongated worms within the terminal bronchi of the caudal lung lobes. What is your MDx? Etiology?
Verminous bronchitis/pneumonia
Metastrongylus spp
Cow with…. Edema, interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes, type II pneumocytes hyperplasia and interstitial fibrosis
atypical interstitial pneumonia
What are common syndromes causing atypical interstitial pneumonia?
Bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (fog fever)
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Reinfection syndrome (dictylocaulus sp or BRSV)
Milk allergy
Ingestion of moldy potatoes -> 4-ipomeanol is metabolized by mixed function oxydases in the lung (Clara cells)
What is fog fever?
Boveine pulmonary edema and emphysema
Cattle grazing on ‘fog’ pastures (re-growth pasture after a hay or silage has been cut or lush green)
L-tryptophan is present and metabolized to 3methylindole ->absorbed into the blood and carried to lungs ->
Clara cells and mixed function oxidase metabolize to pneumotoxic compound –> necrosis of bronchioles epithelial cells and type I pneumocytes (diffuse aveolar damage)
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis is most commonly seen in adult diary cows during what season?
Winter
What is extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
Type III hypersensitivity rxn to inhaled organic antigens, most commonly fungal spores in moldy hay –> deposit of Ag-Ab complex in lungs
What viruses cause pneumonia in sheep?
PI-3
RSV
Maedi-visna
Maedi is also known as ____________________, and occurs where in the world?
Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
Australia and New Zealand
What virus of sheep results n lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and may also cause a nonpsupperative encephalitis, lymphocytic arthritis, and lymphofollicular mastitis and vasculitis?
Maedi (maedi-visna)
Ovine lenivirus
What bacteria are involved in chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep?
Mannheimia hemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Chlamydophila
Mycoplasma ovipenumoniaee
A septicemic pasteurellosis causing necrotizing pharyngitis and tonsillitis, septicemia with disseminated intravasular thrombosis and bacteremia, is usually caused by ______________ in lambs under three months and by _____________ in lambs 5-12months
Mannheimia hemolytica; Biberstenia trehalosi
What is the etiologic agent causing verminous bronchitis in sheep and goats?
Dictylocaulus filaria Muellerius capillaries (sheep only)
What viruses are important causes of pneumonia in horses?
Equine viral rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1 and EHV-4)
Equine influenza
Equine viral arteritis
Equine adenovirus
Viral respiratory infections in horses can predispose them to what disease?
Airway hyper-responsiveness
Recurrent airway obstruction
Interstitial pneumonia due to ____________ or _________ infection are a common complication in Arabian foals with SCID
Adenovirus; pneumocystis carinii
What bacterial organism is an important cause of chronic pyogranulomatous pneumonia in foals worldwide
Rhodococcus equi
-> virulence factors encoded on plasmids
What is responsible for the extensive caseous necrosis of the lungs seen in infections with Rhodococcus equi?
Cytokines, lysosomal enzymes and bacterial toxins
–> recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and giant cells
T/F: Rhodococcus equi is a potential zoonotic microorganism and can infect immunocompromised people
True
What are the viral pneumonias of pigs?
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Swine influenza
Postweaning multi systemic wasting syndrome (porcine circovirus 2)
Porcine respiratory coronavirus
What bacteria of pigs induces supperative or catarrhal bronchopneumonia with BALT hyperplasia
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
PM of pig
Abnormal amounts of fibrin in thoracic and abdominal cavity.
This is characteristic of what disease?
Glassers disease
Hemophilus parasuis
PM of pig
hemorrhagic necrosis that is locally extensive across the the dorsal area of the caudal lobes of the lungs
This is pathoneumonic for what disease?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
On a cut surface of the lung, will appear marbeled
What are the two most common infectious pneumonias of dogs?
Infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
Canine distemper
Also canine adenovirus type 2, canine herpesvirus 1, and canine influenza
Non infectious pneumonias of dogs are caused by?
Toxity
Uremia and Paraquat (herbicide)
PM on a dog..
Necrotic tissue localized to the crainial lung lobes of the left side of the lung
What is the most likely cause?
Aspiration pneumonia
Can see other focal areas of necrosis in the pulmonary tissue
Dog with widely spread mineralization in the alveolar septate
Uremic pneumonia
T/F: pneumonias are common in cats?
False
Upper respiratory infections are common in cats
What lung worm can be found in cats?
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Snail and slug IH
Nodules in lungs will contain larvae and eggs
A common tumor in cats and dogs, lungs have multifocal areas of blood filled cysts.
Hemangiosarcoma
PM in dog
Multifocal areas of black pigmentation on the surface of the lung
Dx?
Melanoma
Dog with
Pale-tan areas of regeneration in the lungs
Hydrothorax
Lungs have multifocal areas of atelectasis
Dx
Severe chronic hepatitis
Fatty change in liver -> generalized edema -> hydrothorax -> atelectasis due to pressure of fluid on lungs
Milky white fluid in the thoracic cavity of a dog?
Chylothroax
Fibrinous pleuritis in a horse is due to???
Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus
Shipping fever
Pasteurella multocida infection in a cat can lead to ___________
Pyothorax
Chronic pleutitis with sulfur granules is associated with what bacteria?
Nocardia
______________________ seen mainly in cattle can be congenital and is associated with inhalation of asbestos
Mesothelioma
