Alimentary Flashcards
T/F: dogs and cats develop alimentary neoplasia more often than farm animals
True
What should a normal oral or gastro-intestinal mucosa look like?
Smooth and shiny
What are some of the mechanisms against disease for the alimentary system?
Saliva Gastric pH Immunoglobulins Vomiting Intestinal proteolytic enzymes Phagocytosis High rate of epithelial turnover Increases peristalsis
What is palatoschisis?
Cleft palate
What is cheiloschisis?
Cleft lip
What are toxins that can can a palatoschisis or cheiloschisis?
Teratogenic plants
- Veratrum californicum
- Lupines
- poison hemlock
Maternal exposure to drugs
- griesofulivin (mares and queens)
- steroids (primates)
What is a malocclusion ?
Failure to the upper and lower incisors to interdigitate properly
In what cases do you see “step mouth”
Abnormal wearing of the teeth
Common in herbivores
What disease is present when resident bacterial films, acid, and enzymes lead to enamel, gingival, and periodontal ligament damage
Periodontal disease
What do you call mineralized dental plaque?
Dental calculus
A major part of chronic periodontal disease is the resorption of __________________
Alveolar bone
__________________ can be due to both a canine distemper in dogs or due to intrauterine BVD in the calf
Enamel hypoplasia
A primary disease of the tongue that is most commonly seen in cattle
Actinobacillus lignieresii
Wooden tongue
Actinobacillus lignieresii causes what type of lesion?
Pyogranulomatous foci
With radiation amorphous eosinophilic material
A disease of young animals that have been treated for antibiotics for long periods of time and causes hyperkeratosis of the tongue
Thrush (candidiasis)
Cat with bright red gingiva
Very painful
Histology shows… plasma cells, histiocytes, and lymphocytes
Lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis
Cat with oral pain, dysphasia, ptyalism and weight loss
Inflammation at base of tongue
What is the disease name ?
Feline chronic gingivitis-stomatitis
In an older dog
Along the gingiva and upper lip…
redness with congestion and erosion
Chronic ulcerative (lymphoma-pasmactyic) paradental stomatitis
What causes vesicular stomatitides in the cat?
Calicivirus infection
Vesicular glossitis
What is the pathogenesis of viral vesicular stomatitides?
Pathogenesis: viral induced epithelial damage–> intracellular edema in keratinocytes (ballooning degeneration)–> vesicles —> bulla –> rupture leads to erosion and ulceration
Vesicular stomatitis on a farm
Only the ruminants and pigs are affected, the horses are showing no signs of illness
EDX:
Foot and mouth disease (picornaviridae)
Vesicular stomatitis on a farm infecting the ruminants, pigs, and horses?
Vesicular stomatitis (rhabdovirus)
Your pig farm has a outbreak of vesicular stomatitis, what are the possible EDX?
Foot and mouth - picornovius
Vesicular stomatitis - rhabdovirus
Vesicular exanthema of swine - calicivirus
Swine vesicular disease -enterovirus
T/F: foot and mouth disease is a high contagious disease with low morbidity and high mortality
False
High morbidity and low mortality
What is the pathogenesis of FMD?
Ingest or inhale virus -> pharynx -> viremia -> oral mucosal and epidermal sites -> lesions develop in areas subjected to mechanical injury
The malignant form of FMD occurs in young animals and is characterized by ?
Myocardial necrosis
“Tiger heart”
A viral disease that occurs only in pigs that causes vesicles and ulcers around the snout and oral cavity
Vesicular exanthema (calicivirus)
BVD and malignant catarrhal fever both cause what type of stomatitides ??
Erosive-ulcerative
BVD will also cause enamel hypoplasia
Bovine papular stomatitis is caused by?? Where do you see the lesions?
Parapoxvius
Nares, muzzle, oral cavity
In a sheep…
Loss of condition of sheep
Pustules and vesicles around the nose and mouth
EDX?
Orf AKA contagious ecthyma AKA contagious viral pustular dermatitis AKA sore mouth
What filamentous bacteria causes oral necrobacillosis and necrotizing lesions on the hoofs?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
What causes an ulcerative an necrotizing inflammation of the buccal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal mucosa. Sometimes with a fibronecrotizing membrane
Calf diphtheria
Fusobacterium necrophorum
In a cat
Bright red, enlarged buccal mucsoa
Feline eosinophilic granuloma
What are the three types of eosinophilic immune responses in cats
Feline eosinophilic plaque (cutaneous)
Feline eosinophilic granuloma (cutaneous/mucous)
Indolent ulcer (upper lip)
Histologically, what is characteristic of equine eosinophilic granuloma?
Flame figures
-degerative collagen
What is the generic clinical term for tumor-like masses on the gingiva?
Epulis
What are reactive hyperplasia lesions that can be found in the oral cavity
Pyogenic granuloma -bright red on gums of dogs
Peripheral giant cell granuloma -gingival mass that can be smooth, sessile, or preduculated
Fibrous hyperplasia - generalized and diffuse or foal, localized to one or more teeth
A tumor of the periodontal ligament
Fibromatous epulis
Are fibromatous and ossifying epulis benign OR malignant
Benign
Cauliflower like Ellison on the lips and oral mucosa of dog?
EDX?
Canine papilloma virus 1 and 13
AKA
Canine oral papillomatosis
What lesion appears in histology as a verrucous lesions composed of thick keratinized stratified squamous epithelium covering a pendunculate CT core
Oral papilloma
What is the most common oral malignancy in dogs?
Oral melanoma
What is the most common oral malignancy in cats?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What oral neoplasm in horses is usually locally invasive, hard, malignant, but rarely metastasizes?
Fibrosarcoma
Define aptyalism
Reduced or absent saliva secretion
Define sialoliths
Calcareous concretion or calculus in salivary duct or gland
Define ptyalism
Increased saliva secretion
Define sialocele
Salivary mucocele, accumulation of salivary secretion in single or multiloculated cavity not line by secretory epithelium in the soft tissue of mouth or neck
Define sialoadenitis
Inflammation of salivary glands
Congenital megaesophagus is caused by/?
Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
-> aorta develops form the right and loops around esophagus causing strangulation and dilation of the cranial portion of the esophagus
Megaesophagus is AKA?
Esophageal ectasia
What are acquired causes of megaesophagus?
Idiopathic
Manifestation of myasthenia gravis (poor muscle constriction)
What is the sequela of megaesophagus?
Malnutrition
emaciantion, dehydration, osteopenia
Rhinitis and aspiration pneumonia
A zone/band of necrosis within the esophagus is likely due to?
Esophageal obstruction/impaction
–> can lead to secondary bacterial infection
Linear area of hemorrhage within he esophagus and erosion of the lower part of esophagus
Reflux- esophagitis
–> acidic gastric juices build up in esophagus
Reflux-esophagtitis is most commonly seen when???
Dog and cat
Surgery involving general anesthesia
What is the DDX for multifocal erosive-ulcerative esophatitis in cattle?
BVD
Bovine papular stomatitis
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Rinderpest (eradicated)
What is the EDX for multifocal erosive-ulcerative esophagitis in cat
Feline calicivirus
In dog
Granulomatous esophagitis
Sarcomatous lesions->Osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
EDX
Parasitic esophagitis
Spirocera lupi
Gongylonema pulchrum parasite migrates through the esophageal mucosa causing blood filled tracks and small hematoma. What is the significance to the ruminant?
None-> no clinical consequence
What do you call over-distention of the rumen and recticulum by gases produced during fermentation
Ruminants tympany or bloat
What is a primary cause of ruminal bloat
New diet (eg alfalfa)
What is a secondary cause of ruminal bloat?
Physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus –> failure to eructate
What is a indicator of ante-mortem bloat in cattle?
Bloat line
What can the sequel of tramautic recticularis be in cattle?
Recticuloperitonitis (hardware)
Vagus indigestion and ruminal atony
Chronic pericarditis and epicarditis (necrosupperative )
A chemical rumenitits can be caused by ___________ in cattle and leads to epidermal destruction
Lactic acidosis -> grain overload
What is the main complication of F necrophorus rumentitis?
Liver absences
What does F necrophorus cause in the rumen?
Plaques of coalescing ares of necrosis on rumenal mucosa
What is a stellate ulcer?
Healed ulcer in rumenal mucosa (rumenal scar) – fibrous CT
Hyperemia of the rumen
Submucosal venular thrombosis
EDX?
Mycotic rumentitis (fungus localized int he vessel walls)
Dog (large breed)
Progressive abdominal distention
Non-producing retching
Hypersalivation
Restlessness
Gastric dilatation-volvulus
Leads to venous infraction due to strangulation
Disease occurring most commonly in post-parturent dairy cows that causes abdominal pain, elevated HR, anorexia, dehydration, depressed peristalsis with lack of feces and abomasal tympany
Abdominal displacement
How can you tell an ante-mortem from a post-mortem gastric rupture ?
Ante mortem: borders are congested and reddened
Post-mortem: no Redding, still contains food
Most gastric ruptures in horses are due to ??
Intestinal obstruction (ileus)
Can by adynamic or mechanical
What is your top dx for a pig with gastric ulceration?
Pigs fed finely ground rations
High wheat component with low protein
High copper
High unsaturated FA
Histamine stress
What is the pathogenesis of ulceration caused by NSAIDS?
Decreased prostaglandin synthesis –> Loss of epithelium
T/F: most gastic uclers in cat and dog are idiopathic
True
What type of neoplasm can be associated with gastric ulcer?
Mast cell tumor
-> histamine bind to parietal cells and increase HCl secretion
What are possible causes of ulcers?
NSAID Steroid Stress Mast cell tumor or matocytosis Islet cell tumor or gastronomes
What location in the horse is predisposed to ulceration caused by NSAIDS?
Right dorsal colon
Has net water secretion in this section
Thrombosis and hemorrhage in the stomach of a pig can be secondary to?
Endotoxemia or bacterial sepsis
Salmonellosis E.coli Hemophilus parasuis (Glassers disease) Erysipelas Swine dysentery PSNS (PCV-2)
Uremic gastropathy causes what type of lesions?
Hypertrophic mucosa
Widespread gastric mineralization
Clostridum septicum causes what in lambs?
Abomasitis (braxy)
Necro-hemorrhagic with submucosal emphysema
-congestion and deposits of fibrin
___________ abomastitis is often a sequel of long-term antibiotic therapy which destroys resident bacterial flora
Mycotic
–> aspergillus, absidia, rhizopus, and mucor spp.
In the stomach..
Multifocal, bright red hemorrhagic lesions
Most likely cause?
Mycotic
Fungus targets and destroy vessel walls
Larvae causing erosive-ulcerative lesions in the stomach of horse
Gasterophilus nasalis/intestinalis
What causes the “Moroccan leather” appearance of abdominal mucosa
Ostertagia spp
Proliferative (hyperplastic) abbomasitis
What causes granulomaout gastritis in the horse
Draschia megastoma (nematode)
-> brood pouch close to Margo plicatus
Sheep
Bottle jaw
Pale mucous membranes
Abomatitis
Haemoncus contours “barberpole worm”
-> leads to blood loss, anemia, and hypoproteinemia
Type of neoplasm found in the stomach of horse? Will you find similar neoplasm in dogs
Squamous cell carcinoma
Not in dogs-> do not have squamous epithelium
Small tiny white masses implanted in peritoneum of horse. What type of neoplasm???
Peritoneal carconomatosis
T/F: lymphosarcoma can be associated with the stomach in the lamina propria
True
What virus is responsible for lymphosarcoma in the abomasum of a cow?
Bovine leukemia virus
-> abomasal involved with ulceration of abomasal folds
