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RUSVM Pathology 2 > Ocular Path > Flashcards

Ocular Path Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main causes of corneal opacity?

A

Corneal edema

Corneal deposits

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2
Q

What are causes of corneal edema?

A

Injury to epithelium (ulceration)

Injury to endothelium

  • corneal endothelial dystrophy
  • increased IOP (glaucoma)
  • immune mediated

Keratitis- neovasculrization with leaky capillaries

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3
Q

How can you visualize a corneal ulcer?

A

Flourescein dye

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4
Q

What causes the “blue eye” seen in puppies infected with canine hepatitis ?

A

Diffuse corneal edema due to immune complex deposition

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5
Q

What do you call blood in the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

Hyphema

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6
Q

What is usually the source of hyphema?

A

Blood vessels in the uvea or retina

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7
Q

What is retinal hypertensive vasculopathy?

A

Protein deposits in the blood wall

-> hypertension see in cats

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8
Q

A dog in the clinic presents with corneal opacity..

You can see blood vessels within the sclera due to production of the eye. What is the probable cause of the corneal opacity?

A

Glaucoma

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9
Q

What is he cause of primary glaucoma ?

A

Goniodysgenesis-> detectable malformation of trabecular meshwork (blocking drainage angle)

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10
Q

What is secondary glaucoma?

A

Anything that obstructs the pupil or trabecular meshwork

  • exudate (endophthalmitis)
  • lens luxation
  • posterior synechia
  • peripheral anterior synechia
  • compression of filtration angle
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11
Q

Retinal degeneration and atrophy, optic disc cupping, and optic nerve atrophy are all consequences of ____________

A

Glaucoma

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12
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Swelling/degeneration of lenticular fibers-> opacity

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13
Q

What is the response of the lens to injury?

A

Hydronic swelling of injured fibers -> fiber fragmentation and disintegration

Hyperplasia and fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelium

Posterior lens epithelial migration

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14
Q

What is the response of the lens to chronic injury?

A

Shrinking and wrinkling of lens capsule and mineralization

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15
Q

T/F: lenticular sclerosis can occur due to senile change

A

Yes..

Lens differentiate throughout life -> cataract common in old dog

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16
Q

What are indications of retinal degeneration and atrophy?

A

Decreased vascularity
Optic disc atrophy
Changes in tapetal reflection

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17
Q

What are causes of retinal degeneration and atrophy?

A 
Senile change 
Inherited metabolic defect of photoreceptor cells 
Toxicity 
Metabolic deficiencies 
Increased IOP 
Retinal detachment
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18
Q

Histology shows lost photoreceptor and outer nuclear and plexiform layers of the retina

What is your MDx?

A

Retinal atrophy (and degeneration)

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19
Q

What are causes of retinal detachment?

A

Choroiditis, retinitis
Hemorrhage
Neoplasm
Trauma

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20
Q

What is retinal detachment? What will the the consequence of this?

A

Separation between neural and pigmented layers

Rentals degeneration and atrophy

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21
Q

What is your MDX?
On conjunctiva..

Hyperemia
Swelling/edema
Discharge
Chemosis

A

Conjunctivitis

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22
Q

What is chemosis?

A

Severe conjunctival edema

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23
Q

What are the causes of conjunctivitis ?

A

Primary pathogens are rate (except in cats)

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24
Q

What pathogens of cats cause conjunctivitis?

A

Herpesvirus
Chlamydophilia felis
Mycoplasma felis

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25
Q

For an eye that has..
conjunctivitis, purulent discharge, and corneal edema..

What is the most likely cause?
A.glaucoma 
B. Corneal endothelial dystrophy 
C. Antigen-antibody complex disease 
D. Corneal ulceration
A

D. Corneal ulceration

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26
Q

What is the response of the cornea to injury?

A 
Edema
Epithelial regeneration 
Neutrophil mediated stromal lysis
Neovascularization 
Stromal fibrosis
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27
Q

T/F: if the cornea is eroded, epithelial regeneration can occur rapidly

A

True

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28
Q

If the cornea is ulcerated, _______________ repair must proceed epithelial regeneration

A

Stromal

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29
Q

A chronically injured corneal may result in ____________ which is a combination of keratinization, epithelial hyperplasia, pigmentation, subepithelial fibrosis, and vacularization

A

Cutaneous metaplasia

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30
Q

What primary pathogen of cattle causes keratitis

A

Moraxella bovis (pink eye/ keratoconjunctivitis)

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31
Q

What are the possible etiologies of keratitis?

A 
Trauma
Bacteria
Chlamydia/mycoplasma 
Virus 
Drying and desiccation 
Idiopathic
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32
Q

German shepherds get what type of idiopathic keratitis

A

Chronic superficial keratitis (Pannus)

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33
Q

Boxers are predisposed to _____________________ which is an idiopathic keratitis

A

Superficial indolent ulcer

34
Q

What is a melting ulcer?

A

Necrosis of corneal epithelium and stroma, usually due to innocent bystander injury from leukocytes

35
Q

What bacteria is often found in cases of keratitis and is an opportunistic infection?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

36
Q

What is a descemetocele?

A

A full thickness ulcer that leaves only the descmeths membrane intact

37
Q

Horse with corneal ulcer, you treat with antibiotics.. few days later comes back with descemetocele. What went wrong?

A

You should have also treated with anti fungal at same time as the antibacterial

38
Q

What is a staphyloma?

A

A staphyloma is an abnormal protrusion of the uveal tissue through a weak point in the eyeball

39
Q

What do you call an eye that is shrunken/atrophic and fibrotic?

A

Phthisis bulbi

40
Q

What is a corneal sequestrum ?

A

Area of necrosis of the epithelium and anterior stroma from severe corneal injury

Porphyria pigments in tear film -> black lesion in the cornea

41
Q

What is the disease name for a chronic ulcerative keratitis in boxer dogs

A

Superficial indolent ulcer

42
Q

What is the pathogenesis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

A

Dry eye

Immune mediated injury to lacrimal glands -> decreased tears or change in tear composition -> drying out of cornea/conjunctiva -> chronic irritation

43
Q

What is a hypopyon?

A

Exudate in the anterior of the eye

44
Q

2yr old cat with photophobia, miosis, blepharospasm, and hypopnyon.

MDX?

A

Anterior uveitis

45
Q

What is inflammation of the iris and ciliary body

A

Anterior uveitis

46
Q

Inflammation of the choroid?

A

Posterior uveitis

47
Q

Inflammation of the choroid and retina?

A

Chorioretintitis

48
Q

What is inflammation of the uvea, retina, and vitreous?

A

Endophthalmitis

49
Q

What do you call inflammation of the whole eye

A

Panophthalmitis

50
Q

What are causes of uveitis?

A

Hypersensitivity (immune complex deposition)

Infectious

Lens-induced

51
Q

Feline hypersensitivity reaction that causes uveitis?

A

Feline idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic uveitis

52
Q

What is equine recurrent uveitis?

A

Periodic ophthalmia
Moon blindness
Iridocyclitis
Hypersensitivity rxn (Leptospira) causing uveitis

53
Q

How can you differentiate FIP form feline idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic uveitis?

A

FIP-> should have pyogranulomatous lesions and/or effusions elsewhere in body
Blood test

Feline idopathic lymphoplasmacytic uveitis -> localized to eye

54
Q

What is iris bombe ? What condition can result from this?

A

An anterior or posterior synechia

Glaucoma

55
Q

What is a posterior synechia?

A

Fibrous adhesion between the iris and lens

56
Q

What is an anterior synechia?

A

Fibrous adhesion between the iris and cornea

57
Q

What are consequences of uveitis?

A 
Synechia 
Preiridal fibrovascular membrane 
Iris bombe 
Cataracts 
Lens luxation 
Glaucoma 
Retinal detachment 
Phthisis bulbi
58
Q

What do you call leakage of lens proteins from hypermature cataract?

A

Phacolytic

59
Q

What do you call rupture of the lens?

A

Phacoclastic

60
Q

What viral infections can cause a retinitis?

A

Rabies
Pseudorabies
Distemper

(Neurotrophic viral infections)

61
Q

What parasitic infections can cause a retinitis?

A

Toxocara canis
Baylisascaris procyonis

(Ocular larval migrans)

62
Q

What is the MDx for a goat that has fused orbits and globes? What is the cause?

A

Cyclophthalmia

-> ingestion of Veratrum californium at day 14 of gestation

63
Q

What is the MDx for an orbit that is small and the eyelids close around it

A

Microphthalmia

Can be caused by teratogen, in utero infection, and genetics

64
Q

What is an infectious cause of developmental abnormalities common in cattle?

A

Bovine viral diarrhea

65
Q

What do you call the fusion of the eyelids

A

Ankyloblepharon

66
Q

What is a corneal dermoid? What can the consequences be?

A

Growth of dermal tissue on the corneal -> haired skin on the cornea

Obstruction of vision
Irrigation of cornea -> ulceration/inflammation..ect

67
Q

What are the waits a luxated lens can be acquired?

A

Inflammation
Trauma
Glaucoma

68
Q

What is the cause of primary glaucoma?

A

Goniodysgenesis

Filtration angle is filled in with CT -> prevents drainage –> glaucoma

69
Q

What is the difference between iris hypoplasia and iris coloboma?

A

Iris hypoplasia-> failure of iris to form fully (notch out of the margin)

Iris coloboma -> hole in the iris (not involving the margin)

70
Q

What common disease of collies is inherited that has retinal vessel tortuously, focal to diffused choroidal and tapetal hypoplasia, and optic nerve coloboma?

A

Scleral ectasia

71
Q

What does coloboma mean?

A

Notch like defect of the optic disk, retina, and/or uvea as a result of defective closure of embryonic tissue of the eye

72
Q

What is the most common intra-ocular neoplasm of cats? Is it usually benign or malignant?

A

Feline diffuse iris melanoma

Malignant

73
Q

How can you differentiate feline diffuse iris melanoma from a melanosis

A

Melanosis “iris freckle” -> flat pigmentation

Melanoma-> raised lesion, velvet surface, distortion of pupil/iris

74
Q

What is the most common benign intra-ocular neoplasm in the dog?

A

Uveal melanoma

75
Q

T/F: species and location are the most important prognostic factors for melanocytic neoplasms

76
Q

A tumor that appears as discrete nodules in the posterior uvea, usually is benign and seen more commonly in dogs, rather than cats/

A

Ciliary adenoma/carcinoma

77
Q

Why is secodary glaucoma, hyphema, and retinal detachment occur in ciliary adenoma/carcinoma?

A

Blockage of drainage angle-> glaucoma -> increased pressure –> hyphema and retinal detachment

78
Q

What malignant neoplasm of the eye is unique to the cat, following ocular trauma? What tissue does it arise from?

A

Intraocular sarcoma
Lenticular epithelium

-> metastasize -» through eye, down optic nerve, and distance metastasis occurs following enucleation

79
Q

What is the most common metastasis involving the eye, especially in cats, causing thickening/pallor of the uvea?

A

Uveal lymphoma

80
Q

On the eyelid..

Greasy cauliflower like mass.

A

Meibomian (sebaceous) adenoma

81
Q

What condition of the eye is associated with hyperlipidemia

A

Corneal lipidosis
“Tropical keratocytes”

-very fixed, focal, and discrete margins

82
Q

In what causes can you get corneal pigmentation?

A

Staphyloma- derived from uvea

Chronic keratitis- response to injury

Corneal sequestrum in cats- porphyrins in tear film

RUSVM Pathology 2 (16 decks)

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