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RUSVM Pathology 2 > Hematopoietic System > Flashcards

Hematopoietic System Flashcards

1
Q

In the embryo, hematopoietic cells originate in the _____________

A

Yolk sac

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2
Q

A pluripotent stem cell can differentiate into what types of cells

A

Myeloid

Lymphoid

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3
Q

Under normal circumstances only ______________ cells are released into the systemic circulation.

A

Mature

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4
Q

Release of immature cells into the systemic circulation indicates bone marrow ??

A

Stress or disease

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5
Q

What are the 4 main indications to taking a bone marrow aspiration?

A
  1. Unexplained cytopenias (any non regenerative anemia)
  2. Maturation defects or morphologic abnormalities in blood cells
  3. Potential myeloproliferative/lymphoproliferative disease
  4. Potential malignancies metastatic
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6
Q

T/F: a sample taken from one site is representative of the marrow as a whole

A

True

Single unit tissue

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7
Q

In a calf, the bone marrow is completely red. Is this normal?

A

Yes

Normal for a young animasl with active bone marrow

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8
Q

In an adult, bone marrow is red, is this normal?

A

No

Adult bone marrow should normally be white and filled with fatty infiltrate
Red means hyperplasia don active hematopoesis

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9
Q

In the marrow of a goat, you see what looks like a jelly instead of fatty marrow
What is this?

A

Serous atrophy of fat

Due to chronic starvation or cachexia

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10
Q

What do you call atrophy of bone?

A

Osteopenia

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11
Q

What can cause bone marrow degeneration/necrosis ?

A

Radiation
Chemical, antineoplasic drugs
Trauma
Circulatory event- ischemia or infarct

Viral infections (eg canine parvovirus, feline panleukopenia, or EIA)

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12
Q

Bone marrow necrosis may result in ___________

A

Pancytopenia

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13
Q

______________ osteomyelitis is usually the result of bacterial infections

A

Supperative

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14
Q

Diffuse ____________ osteomyelitis is usually the result of fungal infections like histoplasmosis or coccidomycoisis

A

Granulomatous

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15
Q

Cat

Granulomatous osteomyelitis
Granulomatous uveitis
Granulomatous splenitis or hepatitis

A

Histoplasmosis capsulatum

-> systemic infection

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16
Q

What protozoan infects macrophages of cats and causes fatal effects by occluding vessels of organs

A

Cytauxozoon felis

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17
Q

What phase of cytauxozoon felis infects the machrophage?

A

Schizogenous phages (schizonts with merozoites) -> systemic illness

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18
Q

What phase of cytauxozoon felis infection causes anemia?

A

Erythrocytic phase

Macrophage breaks and releases schizont -> RBC -> lysis

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19
Q

What disease of bone marrow is usually characterized by an increase in yellow marrow?

A

Hypoplasia/atrophy

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20
Q

What do you call the replacement of myeloid tissue by abnormal tissue

A

Myelophthisis

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21
Q

What is meylofibrosis ?

A

Replacement of myeloid tissue with collagen rich fibrous CT

In Guinea pigs, can result from a lack of Vit C -> scurvy

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22
Q

Grossly what will bone marrow hyperplasia appear like?

A

Red marrow is replacing yellow marrow at metaphysics and endosteal surface of diaphysis

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23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bone marrow hyperplasia?

A

Decreased number of cells in blood due to increased peripheral demand

Adequate numbers of hypofuntional cells in peripheral blood

–> increased cell production in the marrow in response to pointing and interleukins

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24
Q

How does bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency cause BM hyperplasia?

A

Defect in leukocyte adhesion factor prevents leukocytes from migrating into sites of inflammation–> inflmmation and cytokines signals for production of more cytokines

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25
Q

In an adult horse, if you have bone marrow hyperplasia, what virus should be on your DDX?

A

Equine infectious anemia virus

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26
Q

What is a primary neoplasia of the bone marrow?

A

Neoplastic transformation of cells normally found in marrow

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27
Q

Primary bone marrow neoplasms can be divided into what two catagories ?

A

Lymphoproliferative

Myeloproliferative (more rare)

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28
Q

T/F: In a chronic bone marrow neoplasm, either lymphoid or myeloid, you will see a high number of circulating cells that are well differentiated

A

True

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29
Q

T/F: in an acute bone marrow neoplasm, either lymphoid or myeloid, you will see a low number of cells that are well differentiated.

A

False

There WILL be a low number of circulating cells, but they are POORLY differentiated

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30
Q

Bovine leukemia virus will cause what type of neoplasm?

A

Acute lymphoid leukemia

31
Q

What are the most common lymphoproliferative disease?

A

Lymphoid leukemia
Lymphoma
Plasma cell neoplasia (multiple myeloma and plasmacytoma)

32
Q

Myeloproliferative disorders are mainly of disease of what species?

A

Dog and cat

33
Q

___________ forms of myeloproliferative disease are rapidly fatal and tend to occur in younger animals

A

Acute

Chronic forms have a longer clinical course and are relatively well differentiated

34
Q

What are common features of a myelo/lymphoproliferative disease?

A

Anemia
Hypercellular marrow
Leukemia cells in peripheral circulation
Megaloblastic alterations in erythroid cells
Thrombocytopenia
Hepato/splenomegaly

35
Q

In bone marrow ..
nodules that are soft, gray to white, and bulge on cut surface

Histopathology shows round cells

A

Lymphoma

36
Q

What is a rare malignant tumor of plasma cells?

A

Multiple myeloma

Arise from bone marrow and secretes lg amounts of Ig/Ig subunit

37
Q

What is a cutaneous plasmacytoma?

A

A rare, usually benign plasma cell tumor found in skin or mucous membranes

38
Q

What is an extramedullary plasmacyotma?

A

A rare, usually malignant plasma cell tumor that starts outside of the marrow

Dog, horse, and cat affected

Amyloidosis is usually a feature

39
Q

Dog

Radiographs show a “punched out” appearance of bones
Blood chem shows hypercalcemia

Dx?

A

Multiple myeloma

Punched out and hypercalceima due to osteolysis

40
Q

A monoclonal gammopathy in a dog with multiple myeloma can lead to _____________ syndrome

A

Hyperviscocity

Hypercellularity
Monoclonal gammopathy–> clonal production of M protein

41
Q

What do you call a malignant tumor of macrophages or dendritic cells, most frequently found in dogs

A

Histiocytic sarcoma

42
Q

What is cutaneous histiocytosis?

A

Non-neoplastic canine immuno regulatory disorders

43
Q

What is a canine cutaneous histiocytoma?

A

Benign epidermal tumor of langerhans cell origin

-> can spontaneously regress

44
Q

What is a feline progressive histiocytoisis?

A

Initially indolent cutaneous neoplasm, most likely of dendritic cell origin

45
Q

What is myelodysplastic syndrome?

A

Maturation abnormality of marrow cells which is not clearly neoplastic

  • > ineffective and dysplastic hematopoiesis
  • > peripheral cytopenia and marrow hypercellularity
46
Q

In cats, what can cause myelodysplastic syndrome

A

Feline leukemia virus

47
Q

Red lymph nodes usually show a ________ accumulation, except in __________ species that they are a normal finding

A

Blood

Ruminants- hemal nodes

48
Q

What species has lymph nodes with an inverted cortex and medulla?

A

Porcine

49
Q

Black spots in a lymph node are due to what?

A

Carbon (pulmonary anthracosis)

Tattoo ink

50
Q

Brown pigment in the lymph nodes is due to?

A

Melanin
Parasitic hematin
Hemosiderin

51
Q

In what cases would you see melanin in the lymph nodes

A

Melanoma

Skin conditions with destruction of melanocytes –> pigmentary incontinence -> pigment drains into lymph nodes

52
Q

If you see a greenish colouration of the lymph nodes you should suspect what?

A

Presence of eosinophils

Blue-green algae

53
Q

An orange colouration to the lymph nodes is characteristic of what disease?

A

Paratuberculosis

Aka Johns’s disease

54
Q

What could be the cause of smaller than normal lymph nodes?

A 
Developmental disorder
Lack of antigen stimulation 
Cachexia and malnutrition 
Aging 
Viral infection 
Radiation
55
Q

Enlarged lymph nodes can be caused by?

A

Lymphoid hyperplasia
Lymphadenitis-acute/chronic
Primary/secondary neoplasms
Hyperplasia of the monocytes-macrophage system

56
Q

What lesions do you see in an acute inflammation of the lymph node?

A

Microabscess or abscess formation

57
Q

How can you determine lymphadentitis form a lymph node that is draining an inflammatory lesion?

A

Draining lymph node -> sinuses filled will neutrophils but the rest of the l.n. Maintains its architecture

Lymphadenitis-> neutrophils infiltrate the tissue further than the sinus

58
Q

What infectious agents can cause a focal area of necrosis in the l.n.?

A

Toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, tularemia, yersiniosis, tyzzer’s disease, and FIP

59
Q

What do you call an abscess that has a communicating opening to the skin?

A

Fistulization

60
Q

In a horse you have abscessation of the mandibular, pharyngeal, and parotid lymph nodes.

Dx?

A

Strangles

Strep equi sub equi

61
Q

What disease in horses is characterized by abscesses in the lymph nodes anywhere in the body

A

Bastard strangles

62
Q

In sheep, you have caseous lymphadenitis. What is your EDx?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

63
Q

In the bovines, what would be your top differentiation if you had granulomatous lymphadentitis and histology showed multinucleated giant cells?

A

Mycobacterium bovis

64
Q

In a pig you see..

Diffused granulomatous lymphadenitis .

You suspect a virus, what one?

A

Porcine circovirus 2

AKA postweaning multisystemic wasting disease

65
Q

What inclusion bodies can be seen in porcine circovirus 2 infection?

A

Botryoid (grape-like)

66
Q

What is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in domestic animal?

A

Lymphosarcoma

67
Q

What viruses can induce lymphosarcomas?

A

MuLV - mice
FeLV- cat
BLV- bovine

68
Q

T/F: cats that have lymphoma are usually clinically ill when diagnosed, but dogs are usually not

A

True

69
Q

What is essential for the accurate diagnosis of most lymphomas?

A

Immunophenotyping

70
Q

What is the most common reported malignancy in pigs?

A

Lymphoma -alimentary form (peyers patch)

71
Q

What is the most common hemopoietic neoplasm in cats?

A

Lymphoma (can but not always associated with FeLV)

Mainly gastrointestinal

72
Q

In a chicken…

Lymphocytic infiltrates in the lung, kidney, and liver
A peripheral neuritis
“Gray eye”

A

Marked disease

73
Q

What causes mareks disease??

A

Alpha herpesvirus

Most often in chickens 2-5months of age

RUSVM Pathology 2 (16 decks)

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