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Hematopoietic System Flashcards

1
Q

In the embryo, hematopoietic cells originate in the _____________

A

Yolk sac

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2
Q

A pluripotent stem cell can differentiate into what types of cells

A

Myeloid

Lymphoid

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3
Q

Under normal circumstances only ______________ cells are released into the systemic circulation.

A

Mature

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4
Q

Release of immature cells into the systemic circulation indicates bone marrow ??

A

Stress or disease

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5
Q

What are the 4 main indications to taking a bone marrow aspiration?

A
  1. Unexplained cytopenias (any non regenerative anemia)
  2. Maturation defects or morphologic abnormalities in blood cells
  3. Potential myeloproliferative/lymphoproliferative disease
  4. Potential malignancies metastatic
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6
Q

T/F: a sample taken from one site is representative of the marrow as a whole

A

True

Single unit tissue

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7
Q

In a calf, the bone marrow is completely red. Is this normal?

A

Yes

Normal for a young animasl with active bone marrow

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8
Q

In an adult, bone marrow is red, is this normal?

A

No

Adult bone marrow should normally be white and filled with fatty infiltrate
Red means hyperplasia don active hematopoesis

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9
Q

In the marrow of a goat, you see what looks like a jelly instead of fatty marrow
What is this?

A

Serous atrophy of fat

Due to chronic starvation or cachexia

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10
Q

What do you call atrophy of bone?

A

Osteopenia

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11
Q

What can cause bone marrow degeneration/necrosis ?

A

Radiation
Chemical, antineoplasic drugs
Trauma
Circulatory event- ischemia or infarct

Viral infections (eg canine parvovirus, feline panleukopenia, or EIA)

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12
Q

Bone marrow necrosis may result in ___________

A

Pancytopenia

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13
Q

______________ osteomyelitis is usually the result of bacterial infections

A

Supperative

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14
Q

Diffuse ____________ osteomyelitis is usually the result of fungal infections like histoplasmosis or coccidomycoisis

A

Granulomatous

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15
Q

Cat

Granulomatous osteomyelitis
Granulomatous uveitis
Granulomatous splenitis or hepatitis

A

Histoplasmosis capsulatum

-> systemic infection

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16
Q

What protozoan infects macrophages of cats and causes fatal effects by occluding vessels of organs

A

Cytauxozoon felis

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17
Q

What phase of cytauxozoon felis infects the machrophage?

A

Schizogenous phages (schizonts with merozoites) -> systemic illness

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18
Q

What phase of cytauxozoon felis infection causes anemia?

A

Erythrocytic phase

Macrophage breaks and releases schizont -> RBC -> lysis

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19
Q

What disease of bone marrow is usually characterized by an increase in yellow marrow?

A

Hypoplasia/atrophy

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20
Q

What do you call the replacement of myeloid tissue by abnormal tissue

A

Myelophthisis

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21
Q

What is meylofibrosis ?

A

Replacement of myeloid tissue with collagen rich fibrous CT

In Guinea pigs, can result from a lack of Vit C -> scurvy

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22
Q

Grossly what will bone marrow hyperplasia appear like?

A

Red marrow is replacing yellow marrow at metaphysics and endosteal surface of diaphysis

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23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bone marrow hyperplasia?

A

Decreased number of cells in blood due to increased peripheral demand

Adequate numbers of hypofuntional cells in peripheral blood

–> increased cell production in the marrow in response to pointing and interleukins

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24
Q

How does bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency cause BM hyperplasia?

A

Defect in leukocyte adhesion factor prevents leukocytes from migrating into sites of inflammation–> inflmmation and cytokines signals for production of more cytokines

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25
In an adult horse, if you have bone marrow hyperplasia, what virus should be on your DDX?
Equine infectious anemia virus
26
What is a primary neoplasia of the bone marrow?
Neoplastic transformation of cells normally found in marrow
27
Primary bone marrow neoplasms can be divided into what two catagories ?
Lymphoproliferative Myeloproliferative (more rare)
28
T/F: In a chronic bone marrow neoplasm, either lymphoid or myeloid, you will see a high number of circulating cells that are well differentiated
True
29
T/F: in an acute bone marrow neoplasm, either lymphoid or myeloid, you will see a low number of cells that are well differentiated.
False There WILL be a low number of circulating cells, but they are POORLY differentiated
30
Bovine leukemia virus will cause what type of neoplasm?
Acute lymphoid leukemia
31
What are the most common lymphoproliferative disease?
Lymphoid leukemia Lymphoma Plasma cell neoplasia (multiple myeloma and plasmacytoma)
32
Myeloproliferative disorders are mainly of disease of what species?
Dog and cat
33
___________ forms of myeloproliferative disease are rapidly fatal and tend to occur in younger animals
Acute Chronic forms have a longer clinical course and are relatively well differentiated
34
What are common features of a myelo/lymphoproliferative disease?
Anemia Hypercellular marrow Leukemia cells in peripheral circulation Megaloblastic alterations in erythroid cells Thrombocytopenia Hepato/splenomegaly
35
In bone marrow .. nodules that are soft, gray to white, and bulge on cut surface Histopathology shows round cells
Lymphoma
36
What is a rare malignant tumor of plasma cells?
Multiple myeloma Arise from bone marrow and secretes lg amounts of Ig/Ig subunit
37
What is a cutaneous plasmacytoma?
A rare, usually benign plasma cell tumor found in skin or mucous membranes
38
What is an extramedullary plasmacyotma?
A rare, usually malignant plasma cell tumor that starts outside of the marrow Dog, horse, and cat affected Amyloidosis is usually a feature
39
Dog Radiographs show a "punched out" appearance of bones Blood chem shows hypercalcemia Dx?
Multiple myeloma Punched out and hypercalceima due to osteolysis
40
A monoclonal gammopathy in a dog with multiple myeloma can lead to _____________ syndrome
Hyperviscocity Hypercellularity Monoclonal gammopathy--> clonal production of M protein
41
What do you call a malignant tumor of macrophages or dendritic cells, most frequently found in dogs
Histiocytic sarcoma
42
What is cutaneous histiocytosis?
Non-neoplastic canine immuno regulatory disorders
43
What is a canine cutaneous histiocytoma?
Benign epidermal tumor of langerhans cell origin -> can spontaneously regress
44
What is a feline progressive histiocytoisis?
Initially indolent cutaneous neoplasm, most likely of dendritic cell origin
45
What is myelodysplastic syndrome?
Maturation abnormality of marrow cells which is not clearly neoplastic - > ineffective and dysplastic hematopoiesis - > peripheral cytopenia and marrow hypercellularity
46
In cats, what can cause myelodysplastic syndrome
Feline leukemia virus
47
Red lymph nodes usually show a ________ accumulation, except in __________ species that they are a normal finding
Blood Ruminants- hemal nodes
48
What species has lymph nodes with an inverted cortex and medulla?
Porcine
49
Black spots in a lymph node are due to what?
Carbon (pulmonary anthracosis) Tattoo ink
50
Brown pigment in the lymph nodes is due to?
Melanin Parasitic hematin Hemosiderin
51
In what cases would you see melanin in the lymph nodes
Melanoma Skin conditions with destruction of melanocytes --> pigmentary incontinence -> pigment drains into lymph nodes
52
If you see a greenish colouration of the lymph nodes you should suspect what?
Presence of eosinophils Blue-green algae
53
An orange colouration to the lymph nodes is characteristic of what disease?
Paratuberculosis | Aka Johns's disease
54
What could be the cause of smaller than normal lymph nodes?
``` Developmental disorder Lack of antigen stimulation Cachexia and malnutrition Aging Viral infection Radiation ```
55
Enlarged lymph nodes can be caused by?
Lymphoid hyperplasia Lymphadenitis-acute/chronic Primary/secondary neoplasms Hyperplasia of the monocytes-macrophage system
56
What lesions do you see in an acute inflammation of the lymph node?
Microabscess or abscess formation
57
How can you determine lymphadentitis form a lymph node that is draining an inflammatory lesion?
Draining lymph node -> sinuses filled will neutrophils but the rest of the l.n. Maintains its architecture Lymphadenitis-> neutrophils infiltrate the tissue further than the sinus
58
What infectious agents can cause a focal area of necrosis in the l.n.?
Toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, tularemia, yersiniosis, tyzzer's disease, and FIP
59
What do you call an abscess that has a communicating opening to the skin?
Fistulization
60
In a horse you have abscessation of the mandibular, pharyngeal, and parotid lymph nodes. Dx?
Strangles Strep equi sub equi
61
What disease in horses is characterized by abscesses in the lymph nodes anywhere in the body
Bastard strangles
62
In sheep, you have caseous lymphadenitis. What is your EDx?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
63
In the bovines, what would be your top differentiation if you had granulomatous lymphadentitis and histology showed multinucleated giant cells?
Mycobacterium bovis
64
In a pig you see.. Diffused granulomatous lymphadenitis . You suspect a virus, what one?
Porcine circovirus 2 | AKA postweaning multisystemic wasting disease
65
What inclusion bodies can be seen in porcine circovirus 2 infection?
Botryoid (grape-like)
66
What is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in domestic animal?
Lymphosarcoma
67
What viruses can induce lymphosarcomas?
MuLV - mice FeLV- cat BLV- bovine
68
T/F: cats that have lymphoma are usually clinically ill when diagnosed, but dogs are usually not
True
69
What is essential for the accurate diagnosis of most lymphomas?
Immunophenotyping
70
What is the most common reported malignancy in pigs?
Lymphoma -alimentary form (peyers patch)
71
What is the most common hemopoietic neoplasm in cats?
Lymphoma (can but not always associated with FeLV) Mainly gastrointestinal
72
In a chicken... Lymphocytic infiltrates in the lung, kidney, and liver A peripheral neuritis "Gray eye"
Marked disease
73
What causes mareks disease??
Alpha herpesvirus Most often in chickens 2-5months of age

RUSVM Pathology 2 (16 decks)

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