Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Pathology 2 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus make up the ________

A

Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The midbrain with the pens, medulla, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata is AKA

A

Mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In a PM exam, the Brian should be immersed in formalin for ____days

A

5-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells make up the BBB

A

Astrocytes and endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the neuroglial cells?

A

Macrolia - astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
Microglial
Ependymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cells provide support and the myelin sheath to the axons within the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

Can provide myelin for several axons at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Immunosurveillance
Immunoregulation
Reparative (phagocytic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_________ cells are microglial cells that are globular and swollen after having phagocytozed debris from injured cells

A

Glitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do you call the breakdown of cytoplasmic Nissil bodies

A

Chromatolysis

Indicates neuronal cell injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are nissil bodies?

A

Aggregates of RER and free polyribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neurons are shrunken and exhibit cytoplasmic eosinophilia, nuclear pyknosis, or karyolysis. These changes are due to?

A

Ischemic cell change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Histopathology shows an accumulation of glial cells around a shrunken neuron. What is this?

A

Satellitosis/Neuronophagia

Microglial cells are phagocytic–> advanced degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vacuolation within the neuropile?

A

Spongiform change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy can cause what change in the brain

A

Status spongiosus (spongiform change)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Accumulation of glial cells around a blood vessels is called?

A

Perivascular cuffing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reactive astrocytes AKA ?

A

Gemistocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the brain of a dog you see spongiosis, perivascular cuffing, and inclusion bodies within the astrocytes. What disease is this due to?

A

Canine distemper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Wallerian type degeneration

A

Due to sectioning of the axon. Degeneration distal to site of injury. Will cause muscle atrophy

Can regenerate in many cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Toxins and viruses can cause demyelination damage. What is the main consequence

A

Slow nerve conduction

No muscle atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If the neuronal cell is injured, what kind of degeneration will occur?

A

Axonal degeneration
No maintenance of axon health

Muscle atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Teratogens, with the exception of viruses, act mainly during the __________ of pregnancy

A

First 1/3 (during organogenesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Proencephalic hypoplasia is AKA

A

Microencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Microencephaly can result due to ________ infection in calves and ________ infection in swine

A

BVD; classical swine fever

Both pestiviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

An increase in CSF is called

A

Hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the difference between compensatory and obstructive hydrocephalus?

A

Compensatory-> CSF increase to take up space where parenchyma has been destroyed

Obstructive-> aqueductal atresia or stenosis (mesencephalic aqueduct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Common manifestations of hydrocephalus in puppies?

A 
Depression 
Dementia
Seizures
Blindness 
Exopthalmos 
Ventrolateral strabismus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Porencephaly

What dis/

A

Formation of small fluid filled cavities in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hydranencephaly

What dis

A

Formation of large fluid filled cavities i the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hydranencephaly and porencephaly usually occur in utero with cavitations resulting form ??

A

Destruction of immature neuroblasts

Vascular injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are hydrancephaly and porencephaly different from hydrocephalus?

A

Hydranencephaly/porencephaly => CSF accumulates in lateral ventricles and cavities parenchyma, no malformation of the cranium

Hydrocephalus => accumulation in the ventricles or arachnoid space causing malformation of the cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In utero infection of cats by ______________ can cause cerebellum hypoplasia

A

Feline panlukopenia virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Baby kitten mitten..

Symmetric ataxia
Hypermetric base-wide gate
Truncal ataxia
Intention tremor

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do you call defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord?

A

Spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

T/F: most lysosomal disease are progressive and genetically determined

A

True

Few can be acquired through neurotoxic substances that inhibit specific lysosomal activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Histopathology

Enlarged, vacuolated, foamy cytoplasm around the neuron

This is typical of what diseases?

A

Lysosomal storage disease

Eg 
Gangliosidosis 
Globoid cell leukodystophy 
A and B mannosidosis
Mucopolysaccharidosis  
Ceroid- lipofuscinosis 
Niemann -pick disease
36
Q

What gross change in the brain of a sheep is caused by ceroid lipofuscinosis ?

A

Cerebrocortical atrophy

37
Q

Cow that was born normally develops the following neurological signs
Ataxia
Lateral recumbancy
Visually deficient

PM - enlarged cerebellum
Histo- small vacuoles in cytoplasm around perkinje cells

A

Mannosidosis

38
Q

Ingestion of __________ can cause an acquired form of mannosidosis

A

Locoweeds

–> contain potent inhibitors of alpha-mannosidase

39
Q

What is the significance of cerebral edema ?

A

Life threatening

Increased ICP -> compression ischemia (hypoxia), edema, and necrosis

40
Q 
PM of brain 
Wet, soggy
Swollen
Flatten gyri 
Soft
A

Cerebral edema

41
Q

Cerebellar coning in the cat can result due to?

A

Cerebellar edema

42
Q

What is coup and counter coups lesions, with regards to brain injury?

A

Coup - Initial impact

Countercoup- when brain strikes the inside of the skull

43
Q

What lesion can be see in horses that fall backwards

A

Basilar fracture

44
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are a common finding in dementia but can also be a result of?

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (boxers encephalopathy)

They are fibrillation intracytoplasmic inclusion in neurons ->swelling of neurons

45
Q

What are locations of hemorrhage int he brain?

A

Extradermal hematoma
Subdural
Subarachnoid
Parenchyma (white or grey matter)

46
Q

Extradermal hematoma are due to rupture of the ___________ artery

A

Meningial

47
Q

What are causes of polioencephalomalacia?

A 
Thiamine deficiency 
Sulfur toxicity (high concentration in water or accumulation in plants) 
Salt poisoning/water deprivation
48
Q

What do you call a marked dorsal extension of the head and neck accompanied by rigid extension of the limbs?

A

Opisthotonus

Due to thiamine-responsive qpolioencephalomalacia

49
Q

Lamb PM

Yellowish discorlouration in the cerebral cortex close to the longitudinal fissure

A

Polioencephalomalacia

50
Q

What disease is associated with autofluorescence under UV light

A

Polioencephalomalacia due to thiamine deficiency

51
Q

It’s winter time on the pig farm..
all the pigs are quiet.. something is wrong..

PM cerebral cortex

  • spongiform change
  • shrunken neurons with eosinophilic cytoplasm and dark pyknotic nuclei
  • prominent blood vessels with perivascular eosinophilic infiltration
A

Salt poisoning/ water deprivation

52
Q

T/F: thiamine deficiency is reported in cat, dog, and wild carnivores

A

Truths - called chastek paralysis

Diets containing fish have high thiaminase levels which destroys thiamine

Cooked meats are also thiamine deficient

53
Q

Lesions due to Chasteks paralysis are localized where?

A

Brain stem and hippocampus
> hemorrhage and necrosis of caudal canaliculi

Unlike in rumaints that is on the cerebral cortex

54
Q

What toxin primarily will effect the basal ganglion producing endothelial damage, ischemic necrosis, gliosis, and cavitation?

A

Clostridum perfringens type D - Epsilon toxin

55
Q

Corn can be contaminated by _______________ fungus which will cause CNS lesions leading to ataxia, dementia, and head pressing.

A

Fusarium verticilloides and/or Fusarum proliferatum (Fumonisin B1)

56
Q

What is the MDx associated with moldy corn toxicity?

A

Leukoencephalomalacia

57
Q

Yellow star thistle can cause what disease in horse?

A

Nigropallidal encephalomalacia (chewing disease)

Dysfunction of muscles of mastication and deglutination (CN V, VII, and XII)

glutathione depletion –> oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death

58
Q

Horse
Idle drowsiness
Unable to grasp food or drink water
Purposeless chewing motion

PM shows bilateral liquefactive necrosis in the globes pallidus

A

Nigropallidal encephalomalacia

Yellow star thistle
Knapweed

59
Q

A suppurative meningitis is would have what etilogy

A

Bacterial infeciton

60
Q

In a pig..

Supperative meningitis
With hyperemia
Cellular debris accumulation in the ventricles and choroid plexus

MDx and EDX?

A

Meningitis-encephalitis and ependymitits

Streptococcus suis

61
Q

Feedlot cattle

Fibrinolysis-suppurative, hemorrhagic and necrotizing meningoencephalitis

EDX?

A 
Histophilus somni 
Thrombotic meningioencephalitis (TME)
62
Q

You feed your sheep and cattle some new silage..

They develop circling, head tilt, facial paralysis, drooling saliva, and death

EDX?

A

Listeriosis (Circling disease)

Ingestion -> retrograde travel to brainstem via trigeminal nerve

63
Q

What lesion location is characteristic of listeria monocytogenes?

A

Medullary abscess - cow

Medulla oblongata - sheep

64
Q

What virus of equine can induce a encephalomyeltitis

A

Togaviruses
EEEV.
WEEV
VEEV

West Nile virus

Equine herpes virus

65
Q

Horse with ..

Ataxia
Paresis
Paralysis (bladder paralysis is common)

Vasculitis -> thrombosis and infarction

A

Herpesvirus

66
Q

Bovine necrotizing meningioencephalitis is caused by _________ and bovine meninoencephalomyelitis is caused by ________

A

BHV5; BHV1 (bovine rhinotracheitis)

67
Q

What inclusion bodies can be found in a rabies infected animal?

A

Negri bodies

68
Q

In dogs if humoral response in inadequate, what virus will spread hematogenously to the brain and choroid plexus infecting astrocytes and microglia?

A

Canine distemper virus
-paramyxovirus

Also see respiratory, conjunctival urinary tract infections, enamel hypoplasia and hyperkeratosis

69
Q

In a canine distemper infection, what will you see histologically?

A

White matter vacuolation (intramyelinic edema)

Demyelination
Spongiform change
Perivascular cuffing
Intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies

70
Q

What form of FIP can result in leptomeningitis, chrorioependymitis, focal encephalmyelitis, and opthtalmitits

A

Non-effusive (dry) form

71
Q

What causes a neurological disease in young kids and causes arthritis/bursitis in adult goats?

A

Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) syndrome

72
Q

Where are the lesions in kids infected with CAE?

A

Mainly in caudal brain stem and spinal cord - demyelination encephalomyelitis

73
Q

What is the most common disease associated with multifocal or asymmetric neurological deficits in horse?

A

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) -> sarcocystis neurona

-sudden/gradual onset of pelvic limb paresis and ataxia

74
Q

What is the lifecycle of sarcosystis neurona ?

A

Sporocyts shed in opossum feces -> ingested by horse -> rep in CNS

75
Q

How can infection by sarcocystis neurona be differentiated from wobbler syndrome and herpesvirus myeloencephalitis ?

A

Asymmetry of clinical signs

76
Q

What are the most common cause of verminous encephalomyeltitis in the horse?

A

Halicephalobus gingivalis

Strongylus vulgaris

77
Q

What protozoa of cats causes a non-supperative encephalitis

A

Toxoplasma gondii

Cysts containing bradyzoites

78
Q

What is the etiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?

A

Prions proteins (conformation change)

79
Q 
Name the TSE in.. 
sheep -> 
Cat -> 
Mink -> 
Deer and elk -> 
Bovines
A 
Scrapie 
Feline spongiform encephalopathy 
Mink spongiform encephalopathy 
Chronic wasting disease 
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
80
Q

In a moo cow

Aggression 
Incoordination 
Abnormal posture 
Hypermetria 
Progressive weakness 
Decreased milk production and emaciation
A

BSE

81
Q

In dogs.. Rickettsial disease

____________ will cause a vasculitis and _______________ will cause a non-suppurative meningitis/meningococcal-encephalitis

A

Rocky mnt spotted fever; ehrlichia canis

82
Q

In a little cat brain you see multifocal lesions filled with viscous mucus exudate

EDx?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

-> mucopolysaccharide capsule of yeast

83
Q

Tumor arising form the pleura/ subarachnoid mater?

A

Menigioma

84
Q

Tumor arising from within the choroid plexus with a granulated appearance, non-infiltrating

A

Choroid plexus papilloma

85
Q

What type of tumor arises form the glial cells?

A

Glioblastoma

86
Q

Tumor in the cerebellar hemisphere

A

Medulloblastoma

RUSVM Pathology 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions