Urinary System Flashcards by Emilie Juliar

what is the principle function of the urinary system?

REGULATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF ECF

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EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

definition and examples

all the fluid in the body expect for that inside of cells

Examples:
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
PLASMA

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KIDNEYS WORK DIRECTLY to maintain the composition and volume of

BLOOD PLASMA

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THE COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF ECF CANNOT VARY MUCH AT ALL without

serious consequences to body cells

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in addition to regulating the composition and volume of ECF, the urinary system also has roles in the

production of EPO
activates CALCITRIOL
regulates BLOOD PRESSURE

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Principle organs of the urinary system

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra

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location of kidneys

RETROPERITONEAL

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what surrounds the kidney

RENAL FASCIA
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
RENAL CAPSULE

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there is _____ PROTECTING the kidneys posteriorly aside from the erector muscles

LITTLE

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the indented portion of the kidney that faces medially

HILUM

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kidneys consists of

OUTER CORTEX AND INNER MEDULLA

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renal MEDULLA CONSISTS OF

several cone-shaped renal PYRAMIDS

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papillary ducts lead through the renal papilla at the apex of a pyramid into small channels known as

MINOR CALYCES

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minor calyces merge into larger

MAJOR CALYCES

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major calyces merge into the single, large

RENAL PELVIS

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the renal pelvis then narrow on its medial side to exit the kidney as a

URETER

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within the renal cortex and medulla are the structural and functional units of kidneys known as

NEPHRONS

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nephrons consist of:

BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
GLOMERULUS
RENAL CORPSUCLE
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
COLLECTING DUCTS

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RENAL ARTERIES

branch off the sides of the abdominal aorta - one leading to each kidney

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RENAL VEIN

leaves the hilum of each kidney and lead to the sides of the interior vena cava

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at rest, the kidneys receive about …… of the heart

20-25% OF THE CARDIAC OUTPUT

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with nephrons, a ____ ____ leads to a first bed of capillaries knowns as the ______

AFFERENT ARTERIOLE;

GLOMERULUS

a second ____ ____ leads from the glomerulus to a second bed of _____ _______

EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

what are the THREE EXCHANGES that take place between the blood and nephrons

FILTRATION
REABSORPTION
SECRETION

_____ is a relatively NON-SELECTIVE movement from the blood into the nephrons

FILTRATION

____ is a highly selective and variable movement from the nephrons back into the blood

REABSORPTION **selective for SUBSTANCES THAT THE BODY NEEDS***

_____ is a highly selective and variable movement from the blood into the nephrons

SECRETION **selective for SUBSTANCES THAT THE BODY DOES NOT NEED AT THAT POINT***

filtration is determined by

SIZE of the substance - small particles pass through, larger ones do not

__________ can cross from the blood into the mouth of the nephron

PLASMA MINUS MOST PLASMA PROTEINS - including water, glucose, electrolytes, metabolic waste, gases, and hormones

the bowman's capsule of the nephron and the bed of capillaries (glomerulus) that it surrounds make of the ____ _____

RENAL CORPUSCLE

_____ is the AMOUNT OF FILTRATE FOMRED IN BOTH KIDNEYS EACH MINUTE

GLOMUERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)

WHAT REGULATE GFR

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HORMONES

THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION of the nervous system triggers

VASOCONSTRICTION of the afferent arterioles

HORMONES that affects GFR include

ANP and angiotensin II

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES that are often secreted include:

nitrogenous wastes such as ammonia (NH3) and urea from protein metabolism hydrogen ions to maintain pH potassium ions to maintain blood levels

____ help regulate much of what is reabsorbed or secreted

HORMONES

Effect of the following hormones on reabsorption or secretion: ADH ALDOSTERONE PTH

ADH -increase water reabsorption ALDOSTERONE - reabsorb Na+ and Cl- and secrete K+ PTH - reabsorption of Ca++

the urinary bladder consists of an elastic mucosal layer lining the cavity, folded into ____ to allow expansion

RUGAE

this middle muscular layer consists of three layers and is called the ____ muscle

DETRUSOR MUSCLE

Location of urinary bladder in woman

- POSTERIOR TO THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS - ANTERIOR TO THE VAGINA AND INFERIOR TO THE UTERUS

Location of urinary bladder in men

- POSTERIOR TO THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS - DIRECTLY ANTERIOR TO THE RECTUM

the mucosa of the urinary bladder is folded into

RUGAE

THE VOLUME OF THE BLADDER CAN CHANGE from

approximately 50 ml when empty to about 700-800 ml when full

THREE OPENINGS in/out of the urinary bladder form a triangle known as the

TRIGONE

Around the opening of the urethra in the bladder, the circular muscle fibers of the muscular form an

INVOLUNTARY INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

inferior to the internal urethral sphincter is the ____ ____ ___, composed of VOLUNTARY skeletal muscles

EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

the release of urine form the urinary bladder into the urethra

MICTRITION

in most individuals, when the bladder fills to about 200-400 ml, ____ ____ in the wall of the urinary bladder are triggered and impulses are sent to the sacral spinal cord

STRETCH RECEPTORS

FEMALE URETHRA

SHORTER FUNCTION IS TO MOVE URINE

MALE URETHRA

LONGER passes through: - PROSTATE - PERINEUM - PENIS serves as the end of BOTH THE URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS in males

to maintain the composition and volume of the ECF of the body, the _____, and _____ OF URINE MUST CONSTANTLY CHANGE

COMPOSITION AND VOLUME

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE: VOLUME COLOR

VOLUME - 1-2L per day COLOR - yellow

WATER usually makes up about ___% of the volume of urine

95%

substances that would usually not be seen in urine

glucose RBC's microbes protein ketone bodies