Urinary System Flashcards
what is the principle function of the urinary system?
REGULATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF ECF
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
definition and examples
all the fluid in the body expect for that inside of cells
Examples:
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
PLASMA
KIDNEYS WORK DIRECTLY to maintain the composition and volume of
BLOOD PLASMA
THE COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF ECF CANNOT VARY MUCH AT ALL without
serious consequences to body cells
in addition to regulating the composition and volume of ECF, the urinary system also has roles in the
- production of EPO
- activates CALCITRIOL
- regulates BLOOD PRESSURE
Principle organs of the urinary system
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra
location of kidneys
RETROPERITONEAL
what surrounds the kidney
RENAL FASCIA
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
RENAL CAPSULE
there is _____ PROTECTING the kidneys posteriorly aside from the erector muscles
LITTLE
the indented portion of the kidney that faces medially
HILUM
kidneys consists of
OUTER CORTEX AND INNER MEDULLA
renal MEDULLA CONSISTS OF
several cone-shaped renal PYRAMIDS
papillary ducts lead through the renal papilla at the apex of a pyramid into small channels known as
MINOR CALYCES
minor calyces merge into larger
MAJOR CALYCES
major calyces merge into the single, large
RENAL PELVIS
the renal pelvis then narrow on its medial side to exit the kidney as a
URETER
within the renal cortex and medulla are the structural and functional units of kidneys known as
NEPHRONS
nephrons consist of:
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
GLOMERULUS
RENAL CORPSUCLE
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
COLLECTING DUCTS
RENAL ARTERIES
branch off the sides of the abdominal aorta - one leading to each kidney
RENAL VEIN
leaves the hilum of each kidney and lead to the sides of the interior vena cava
at rest, the kidneys receive about …… of the heart
20-25% OF THE CARDIAC OUTPUT
with nephrons, a ____ ____ leads to a first bed of capillaries knowns as the ______
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE;
GLOMERULUS
a second ____ ____ leads from the glomerulus to a second bed of _____ _______
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
what are the THREE EXCHANGES that take place between the blood and nephrons
FILTRATION
REABSORPTION
SECRETION
_____ is a relatively NON-SELECTIVE movement from the blood into the nephrons
FILTRATION
____ is a highly selective and variable movement from the nephrons back into the blood
REABSORPTION
selective for SUBSTANCES THAT THE BODY NEEDS*
_____ is a highly selective and variable movement from the blood into the nephrons
SECRETION
selective for SUBSTANCES THAT THE BODY DOES NOT NEED AT THAT POINT*
filtration is determined by
SIZE of the substance - small particles pass through, larger ones do not
__________ can cross from the blood into the mouth of the nephron
PLASMA MINUS MOST PLASMA PROTEINS - including water, glucose, electrolytes, metabolic waste, gases, and hormones
the bowman’s capsule of the nephron and the bed of capillaries (glomerulus) that it surrounds make of the ____ _____
RENAL CORPUSCLE
_____ is the AMOUNT OF FILTRATE FOMRED IN BOTH KIDNEYS EACH MINUTE
GLOMUERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)
WHAT REGULATE GFR
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HORMONES
THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION of the nervous system triggers
VASOCONSTRICTION of the afferent arterioles
HORMONES that affects GFR include
ANP and angiotensin II
SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES that are often secreted include:
nitrogenous wastes such as ammonia (NH3) and urea from protein metabolism
hydrogen ions to maintain pH
potassium ions to maintain blood levels
____ help regulate much of what is reabsorbed or secreted
HORMONES
Effect of the following hormones on reabsorption or secretion:
ADH
ALDOSTERONE
PTH
ADH -increase water reabsorption
ALDOSTERONE - reabsorb Na+ and Cl- and secrete K+
PTH - reabsorption of Ca++
the urinary bladder consists of an elastic mucosal layer lining the cavity, folded into ____ to allow expansion
RUGAE
this middle muscular layer consists of three layers and is called the ____ muscle
DETRUSOR MUSCLE
Location of urinary bladder in woman
- POSTERIOR TO THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
- ANTERIOR TO THE VAGINA AND INFERIOR TO THE UTERUS
Location of urinary bladder in men
- POSTERIOR TO THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
- DIRECTLY ANTERIOR TO THE RECTUM
the mucosa of the urinary bladder is folded into
RUGAE
THE VOLUME OF THE BLADDER CAN CHANGE from
approximately 50 ml when empty to about 700-800 ml when full
THREE OPENINGS in/out of the urinary bladder form a triangle known as the
TRIGONE
Around the opening of the urethra in the bladder, the circular muscle fibers of the muscular form an
INVOLUNTARY INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER
inferior to the internal urethral sphincter is the ____ ____ ___, composed of VOLUNTARY skeletal muscles
EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER
the release of urine form the urinary bladder into the urethra
MICTRITION
in most individuals, when the bladder fills to about 200-400 ml, ____ ____ in the wall of the urinary bladder are triggered and impulses are sent to the sacral spinal cord
STRETCH RECEPTORS
FEMALE URETHRA
SHORTER
FUNCTION IS TO MOVE URINE
MALE URETHRA
LONGER
passes through:
- PROSTATE
- PERINEUM
- PENIS
serves as the end of BOTH THE URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS in males
to maintain the composition and volume of the ECF of the body, the _____, and _____ OF URINE MUST CONSTANTLY CHANGE
COMPOSITION AND VOLUME
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE:
VOLUME
COLOR
VOLUME - 1-2L per day
COLOR - yellow
WATER usually makes up about ___% of the volume of urine
95%
substances that would usually not be seen in urine
glucose
RBC’s
microbes
protein
ketone bodies
