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A&P II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the principle function of the urinary system?

A

REGULATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF ECF

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2
Q

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

definition and examples

A

all the fluid in the body expect for that inside of cells

Examples:
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
PLASMA

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3
Q

KIDNEYS WORK DIRECTLY to maintain the composition and volume of

A

BLOOD PLASMA

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4
Q

THE COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF ECF CANNOT VARY MUCH AT ALL without

A

serious consequences to body cells

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5
Q

in addition to regulating the composition and volume of ECF, the urinary system also has roles in the

A
  • production of EPO
  • activates CALCITRIOL
  • regulates BLOOD PRESSURE
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6
Q

Principle organs of the urinary system

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra

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7
Q

location of kidneys

A

RETROPERITONEAL

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8
Q

what surrounds the kidney

A

RENAL FASCIA
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
RENAL CAPSULE

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9
Q

there is _____ PROTECTING the kidneys posteriorly aside from the erector muscles

A

LITTLE

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10
Q

the indented portion of the kidney that faces medially

A

HILUM

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11
Q

kidneys consists of

A

OUTER CORTEX AND INNER MEDULLA

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12
Q

renal MEDULLA CONSISTS OF

A

several cone-shaped renal PYRAMIDS

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13
Q

papillary ducts lead through the renal papilla at the apex of a pyramid into small channels known as

A

MINOR CALYCES

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14
Q

minor calyces merge into larger

A

MAJOR CALYCES

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15
Q

major calyces merge into the single, large

A

RENAL PELVIS

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16
Q

the renal pelvis then narrow on its medial side to exit the kidney as a

A

URETER

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17
Q

within the renal cortex and medulla are the structural and functional units of kidneys known as

A

NEPHRONS

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18
Q

nephrons consist of:

A

BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
GLOMERULUS
RENAL CORPSUCLE
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
COLLECTING DUCTS

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19
Q

RENAL ARTERIES

A

branch off the sides of the abdominal aorta - one leading to each kidney

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20
Q

RENAL VEIN

A

leaves the hilum of each kidney and lead to the sides of the interior vena cava

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21
Q

at rest, the kidneys receive about …… of the heart

A

20-25% OF THE CARDIAC OUTPUT

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22
Q

with nephrons, a ____ ____ leads to a first bed of capillaries knowns as the ______

A

AFFERENT ARTERIOLE;

GLOMERULUS

23
Q

a second ____ ____ leads from the glomerulus to a second bed of _____ _______

A

EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

24
Q

what are the THREE EXCHANGES that take place between the blood and nephrons

A

FILTRATION
REABSORPTION
SECRETION

25
Q

_____ is a relatively NON-SELECTIVE movement from the blood into the nephrons

A

FILTRATION

26
Q

____ is a highly selective and variable movement from the nephrons back into the blood

A

REABSORPTION

selective for SUBSTANCES THAT THE BODY NEEDS*

27
Q

_____ is a highly selective and variable movement from the blood into the nephrons

A

SECRETION

selective for SUBSTANCES THAT THE BODY DOES NOT NEED AT THAT POINT*

28
Q

filtration is determined by

A

SIZE of the substance - small particles pass through, larger ones do not

29
Q

__________ can cross from the blood into the mouth of the nephron

A

PLASMA MINUS MOST PLASMA PROTEINS - including water, glucose, electrolytes, metabolic waste, gases, and hormones

30
Q

the bowman’s capsule of the nephron and the bed of capillaries (glomerulus) that it surrounds make of the ____ _____

A

RENAL CORPUSCLE

31
Q

_____ is the AMOUNT OF FILTRATE FOMRED IN BOTH KIDNEYS EACH MINUTE

A

GLOMUERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)

32
Q

WHAT REGULATE GFR

A

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HORMONES

33
Q

THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION of the nervous system triggers

A

VASOCONSTRICTION of the afferent arterioles

34
Q

HORMONES that affects GFR include

A

ANP and angiotensin II

35
Q

SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES that are often secreted include:

A

nitrogenous wastes such as ammonia (NH3) and urea from protein metabolism

hydrogen ions to maintain pH

potassium ions to maintain blood levels

36
Q

____ help regulate much of what is reabsorbed or secreted

A

HORMONES

37
Q

Effect of the following hormones on reabsorption or secretion:

ADH
ALDOSTERONE
PTH

A

ADH -increase water reabsorption

ALDOSTERONE - reabsorb Na+ and Cl- and secrete K+

PTH - reabsorption of Ca++

38
Q

the urinary bladder consists of an elastic mucosal layer lining the cavity, folded into ____ to allow expansion

A

RUGAE

39
Q

this middle muscular layer consists of three layers and is called the ____ muscle

A

DETRUSOR MUSCLE

40
Q

Location of urinary bladder in woman

A
  • POSTERIOR TO THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
  • ANTERIOR TO THE VAGINA AND INFERIOR TO THE UTERUS
41
Q

Location of urinary bladder in men

A
  • POSTERIOR TO THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
  • DIRECTLY ANTERIOR TO THE RECTUM
42
Q

the mucosa of the urinary bladder is folded into

A

RUGAE

43
Q

THE VOLUME OF THE BLADDER CAN CHANGE from

A

approximately 50 ml when empty to about 700-800 ml when full

44
Q

THREE OPENINGS in/out of the urinary bladder form a triangle known as the

A

TRIGONE

45
Q

Around the opening of the urethra in the bladder, the circular muscle fibers of the muscular form an

A

INVOLUNTARY INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

46
Q

inferior to the internal urethral sphincter is the ____ ____ ___, composed of VOLUNTARY skeletal muscles

A

EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

47
Q

the release of urine form the urinary bladder into the urethra

A

MICTRITION

48
Q

in most individuals, when the bladder fills to about 200-400 ml, ____ ____ in the wall of the urinary bladder are triggered and impulses are sent to the sacral spinal cord

A

STRETCH RECEPTORS

49
Q

FEMALE URETHRA

A

SHORTER
FUNCTION IS TO MOVE URINE

50
Q

MALE URETHRA

A

LONGER
passes through:
- PROSTATE
- PERINEUM
- PENIS

serves as the end of BOTH THE URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS in males

51
Q

to maintain the composition and volume of the ECF of the body, the _____, and _____ OF URINE MUST CONSTANTLY CHANGE

A

COMPOSITION AND VOLUME

52
Q

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE:
VOLUME
COLOR

A

VOLUME - 1-2L per day

COLOR - yellow

53
Q

WATER usually makes up about ___% of the volume of urine

A

95%

54
Q

substances that would usually not be seen in urine

A

glucose
RBC’s
microbes
protein
ketone bodies

A&P II (18 decks)

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