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A&P II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary function of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange

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2
Q

secondary functions of the respiratory system

A

heat elimination
water elimination
acid-base balance
assists circulation
vocalization
defense
smell and taste

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3
Q

principle portions of the respiratory tract

A

nose/nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchial tree

lungs

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4
Q

the nose consists of a FRAMEWORK OF

A

CARTILAGE AND BONE covered externally by the SKIN and internally by a MUCOUS MEMBRANE

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5
Q

the nasal cavity is divided by

A

THE NASAL SEPTUM

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6
Q

EXTERNAL NARES

A

lead into the nasal cavity from the nose

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7
Q

INTERNAL NARES

A

lead into the nasopharynx

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8
Q

the lateral walls of the nasal cavity consists of “flaps” of bone covered with a mucous membrane called the

A

superior, middle, and inferior CONCHAE

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9
Q

under the conchae are

A

passages knowns as MEATUSES

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10
Q

as air is inhaled, it swirls under the conchae. this allows time for

A

MOISTURIZATION of air by mucus

and

WARMING by the blood in the capillaries just deep to the mucus membrane

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11
Q

air-filled spaces that surround and communicate with the nasal cavity

A

paranasal sinuses

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12
Q

function of sinuses

A

make SKULL LIGHTER
serve as RESONATING CHAMBERS for sounds that we produce

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13
Q

roles of the nose/nasal cavity and sinuses in the respiratory system

A

AIR PASSAGEWAY

WARMS, MOISTURIZES AND FILTERS

DEFENSE

sense of SMELL AND TASTE

VOCALIZATION

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14
Q

walls of the pharynx consist of

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE LINED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANE

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15
Q

THREE PORTIONS of the pharynx

A

NASOPHARYNX

OROPHARYNX

LARYNGOPHARYNX

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16
Q

the pharynx is a common passage way for both

A

RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS

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17
Q

What structures open to or are found in the pharynx?

A

EUSTACHIAN TUBES (nasopharynx)

PHARYNGEAL TONISL (nasopharynx)

PALATINE AND LINGUAL TONSILS (oropharynx)

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18
Q

functions the pharynx serves in the respiratory system?

A

AIR PASSAGEWAY

FOOD PASSAGEWAY

VOCALIZATION

DEFENSE

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19
Q

the larynx is also known as

A

the voice box

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20
Q

the larynx is lined with a mucous membrane with nine….including the

A

CARTILAGES EMBEDDED IN ITS WALLS

EPIGLOTTIS

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21
Q

which cartilage is felt as the Adam’s apple?

A

the THYROID CARTILAGE

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22
Q

The larynx elevates up against the ____, which acts as a trap door to close off the lower respiratory tract at the larynx to prevent solids and liquids from entering

A

EPIGLOTTIS

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23
Q

the true and false vocal cords are located in the

A

larynx

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24
Q

what functions does the larynx serve?

A

air passageway
vocalization
defense

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25
Q

the trachea is also known as

A

the wind pipe

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26
Q

the trachea is located

A

ANTERIOR TO THE ESOPHAGUS

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27
Q

the trachea is lined with a mucous membrane composed of pseudo stratified _____ columnar epithelium

A

CILIATED

28
Q

embedded in the walls of the trachea are

A

16-20 C-SHAPTED RINGS OF hyaline CARTILAGE

29
Q

what functions does the trachea serve

A

air passageway
defense

30
Q

progression of the bronchial tree

A

primary bronchi

secondary bronchi

tertiary bronchi

bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

31
Q

AS MAIN BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES, the CARTILANGINOUS RINGS become less _____ and eventually

A

complete and eventually DISAPPEAR in the distal bronchioles

32
Q

AS MAIN BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES, the amount of SMOOTH MUSCLE in the walls ____

A

increases

33
Q

AS MAIN BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES the mucous membrane slowly

A

LOSES CILIA

34
Q

the anti-collapse feature of the trachea and larger bronchi are lost in the SMALLER BRONCHIOLES, where

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE SPASMS MAY COLLAPSE these smaller airways such as during an asthma attack

35
Q

functions of the bronchial tree

A

AIR PASSAGEWAY
DEFENSE

36
Q

which division of the nervous system would trigger relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of distal bronchioles -leading to dilation of airway/

A

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

37
Q

the lungs are cone-shaped organs with an _____ _____ above the diaphragm that tapers to a narrow ____ ____ just above the clavicle

A

INFERIOR BASE

SUPERIOR APEX

38
Q

the lungs are surrounded by a two-walled sac called the

A

PLEURA

39
Q

PARIETAL PLEURA

A

attaches to the inner thoracic wall and the diaphragm

40
Q

VISCERAL PLEURA

A

surrounds and is attached to the lungs

41
Q

the narrow space between the two layers of the pleura, the pleural cavity, is filled with

A

lubricating PLEURAL FLUID which reduces friction when the lungs inflate and deflate

42
Q

the lobes of the lungs are separated into small regions called

A

SEGMENTS, supplied by segmental bronchi

43
Q

segments of the lungs are made of smaller compartments known as

A

LOBULES

44
Q

The TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES divide into _____ _____ which in turn divide into ____ _____

A

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES;

ALVEOLAR DUCTS

two or more alveoli make up an alveolar sac that shares an alveolar duct

45
Q

ALVEOLI

A

small pouches that make up the LUNGS

46
Q

function of the lungs

A

GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND THE BLOOD

47
Q

3 major phases of respiration

A

PULMONARY VENTILATION - exchange of air

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION - exchange of gases between lungs and blood

INTERNAL RESPIRATION - exchange of gases between blood and tissues

48
Q

air flow =

A

pressure gradient / resistance

49
Q

how could you change the amount of pressure on a gas?

A

CHANGE THE SIZE OF THE CONTAINER

50
Q

the amount of pressure that each gas contributes to the total pressure in a mixture of gases

A

PARTIAL PRESSURE

51
Q

individual GASES MOVE FROM AREAS OF ___ _____ ____ TO AREAS OF ____ _____ _____

A

HIGH PARTIAL PRESSURE TO AREAS OF LOW PARTIAL PRESSURE

52
Q

THE MOVEMENT OF AIR BETWEEN THE LUNGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

A

PULMONARY VENTILATION

53
Q

TWO PARTS TO VENTILATION

A

INHALATION

EXHALATION

54
Q

INHALATION

A

due to increasing the size of the thoracic cavity

55
Q

EXHALATION

A

due to decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity

56
Q

how do we change the size of the thoracic cavity?

A

CONTRACTING AND RELAXING SKELETAL MUSCLES

57
Q

INSPIRATORY MUSCLES

A

quiet inspiration:
diaphragm
external intercostals

labored inspiration:
SCM
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor

58
Q

EXPIRATORY MUSCLES

A

labored expiration:
internal intercostals
abdominal wall muscles

59
Q

the second phase of respiration is

A

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

60
Q

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION IS

A

MOVEMENT OF GASES BETWEEN THE ALVEOLI (LUNGS) AND THE BLOOD

driving force is PARTIAL PRESSURE of gases

61
Q

INTERNAL RESPIRATION IS

A

THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND TISSUES/CELLS

driven by PARTIAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCES

62
Q

MOST O2 in our body is carried BOUND TO

A

HEMOGLOBIN

63
Q

MOST CO2 is transported in the blood as

A

BICARBONATE IONS (HCO3-)

64
Q

where in the body would the basic control of breathing be centered?

A

THE BRAINSTEM - MEDULLA AND PONS

65
Q

aside from the respiratory center in the brain stem, other influences on respiration include:

A

HIGH BRAIN CENTERS SUCH AS THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

HYPOTHALAMUS AND LIMBIC SYSTEM - during emotional situations

CHEMORECEPTORS that MONITOR LEVELS OF O2, CO2, AND H+ IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND BLOOD

66
Q

negative feedback control of respiration due to changes in

A

O2, C02, or pH IN ARTERIAL BLOOD

A&P II (18 decks)

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