Respiratory System Flashcards by Emilie Juliar

Primary function of the respiratory system

gas exchange

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secondary functions of the respiratory system

heat elimination
water elimination
acid-base balance
assists circulation
vocalization
defense
smell and taste

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principle portions of the respiratory tract

nose/nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchial tree

lungs

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the nose consists of a FRAMEWORK OF

CARTILAGE AND BONE covered externally by the SKIN and internally by a MUCOUS MEMBRANE

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the nasal cavity is divided by

THE NASAL SEPTUM

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EXTERNAL NARES

lead into the nasal cavity from the nose

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INTERNAL NARES

lead into the nasopharynx

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the lateral walls of the nasal cavity consists of “flaps” of bone covered with a mucous membrane called the

superior, middle, and inferior CONCHAE

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under the conchae are

passages knowns as MEATUSES

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as air is inhaled, it swirls under the conchae. this allows time for

MOISTURIZATION of air by mucus

and

WARMING by the blood in the capillaries just deep to the mucus membrane

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air-filled spaces that surround and communicate with the nasal cavity

paranasal sinuses

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function of sinuses

make SKULL LIGHTER
serve as RESONATING CHAMBERS for sounds that we produce

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roles of the nose/nasal cavity and sinuses in the respiratory system

AIR PASSAGEWAY

WARMS, MOISTURIZES AND FILTERS

DEFENSE

sense of SMELL AND TASTE

VOCALIZATION

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walls of the pharynx consist of

SKELETAL MUSCLE LINED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANE

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THREE PORTIONS of the pharynx

NASOPHARYNX

OROPHARYNX

LARYNGOPHARYNX

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the pharynx is a common passage way for both

RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS

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What structures open to or are found in the pharynx?

EUSTACHIAN TUBES (nasopharynx)

PHARYNGEAL TONISL (nasopharynx)

PALATINE AND LINGUAL TONSILS (oropharynx)

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functions the pharynx serves in the respiratory system?

AIR PASSAGEWAY

FOOD PASSAGEWAY

VOCALIZATION

DEFENSE

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the larynx is also known as

the voice box

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the larynx is lined with a mucous membrane with nine….including the

CARTILAGES EMBEDDED IN ITS WALLS

EPIGLOTTIS

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which cartilage is felt as the Adam’s apple?

the THYROID CARTILAGE

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The larynx elevates up against the ____, which acts as a trap door to close off the lower respiratory tract at the larynx to prevent solids and liquids from entering

EPIGLOTTIS

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the true and false vocal cords are located in the

larynx

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what functions does the larynx serve?

air passageway
vocalization
defense

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the trachea is also known as

the wind pipe

the trachea is located

ANTERIOR TO THE ESOPHAGUS

the trachea is lined with a mucous membrane composed of pseudo stratified _____ columnar epithelium

CILIATED

embedded in the walls of the trachea are

16-20 C-SHAPTED RINGS OF hyaline CARTILAGE

what functions does the trachea serve

air passageway defense

progression of the bronchial tree

primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles

AS MAIN BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES, the CARTILANGINOUS RINGS become less _____ and eventually

complete and eventually DISAPPEAR in the distal bronchioles

AS MAIN BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES, the amount of SMOOTH MUSCLE in the walls ____

increases

AS MAIN BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES the mucous membrane slowly

LOSES CILIA

the anti-collapse feature of the trachea and larger bronchi are lost in the SMALLER BRONCHIOLES, where

SMOOTH MUSCLE SPASMS MAY COLLAPSE these smaller airways such as during an asthma attack

functions of the bronchial tree

AIR PASSAGEWAY DEFENSE

which division of the nervous system would trigger relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of distal bronchioles -leading to dilation of airway/

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

the lungs are cone-shaped organs with an _____ _____ above the diaphragm that tapers to a narrow ____ ____ just above the clavicle

INFERIOR BASE SUPERIOR APEX

the lungs are surrounded by a two-walled sac called the

PLEURA

PARIETAL PLEURA

attaches to the inner thoracic wall and the diaphragm

VISCERAL PLEURA

surrounds and is attached to the lungs

the narrow space between the two layers of the pleura, the pleural cavity, is filled with

lubricating PLEURAL FLUID which reduces friction when the lungs inflate and deflate

the lobes of the lungs are separated into small regions called

SEGMENTS, supplied by segmental bronchi

segments of the lungs are made of smaller compartments known as

LOBULES

The TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES divide into _____ _____ which in turn divide into ____ _____

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES; ALVEOLAR DUCTS ***two or more alveoli make up an alveolar sac that shares an alveolar duct***

ALVEOLI

small pouches that make up the LUNGS

function of the lungs

GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND THE BLOOD

3 major phases of respiration

PULMONARY VENTILATION - exchange of air EXTERNAL RESPIRATION - exchange of gases between lungs and blood INTERNAL RESPIRATION - exchange of gases between blood and tissues

air flow =

pressure gradient / resistance

how could you change the amount of pressure on a gas?

CHANGE THE SIZE OF THE CONTAINER

the amount of pressure that each gas contributes to the total pressure in a mixture of gases

PARTIAL PRESSURE

individual GASES MOVE FROM AREAS OF ___ _____ ____ TO AREAS OF ____ _____ _____

HIGH PARTIAL PRESSURE TO AREAS OF LOW PARTIAL PRESSURE

THE MOVEMENT OF AIR BETWEEN THE LUNGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

PULMONARY VENTILATION

TWO PARTS TO VENTILATION

INHALATION EXHALATION

INHALATION

due to increasing the size of the thoracic cavity

EXHALATION

due to decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity

how do we change the size of the thoracic cavity?

CONTRACTING AND RELAXING SKELETAL MUSCLES

INSPIRATORY MUSCLES

quiet inspiration: diaphragm external intercostals labored inspiration: SCM Scalenes Pectoralis minor

EXPIRATORY MUSCLES

labored expiration: internal intercostals abdominal wall muscles

the second phase of respiration is

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION IS

MOVEMENT OF GASES BETWEEN THE ALVEOLI (LUNGS) AND THE BLOOD ***driving force is PARTIAL PRESSURE of gases***

INTERNAL RESPIRATION IS

THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND TISSUES/CELLS ***driven by PARTIAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCES***

MOST O2 in our body is carried BOUND TO

HEMOGLOBIN

MOST CO2 is transported in the blood as

BICARBONATE IONS (HCO3-)

where in the body would the basic control of breathing be centered?

THE BRAINSTEM - MEDULLA AND PONS

aside from the respiratory center in the brain stem, other influences on respiration include:

HIGH BRAIN CENTERS SUCH AS THE CEREBRAL CORTEX HYPOTHALAMUS AND LIMBIC SYSTEM - during emotional situations CHEMORECEPTORS that MONITOR LEVELS OF O2, CO2, AND H+ IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND BLOOD

negative feedback control of respiration due to changes in

O2, C02, or pH IN ARTERIAL BLOOD