Respiratory System Flashcards
Primary function of the respiratory system
gas exchange
secondary functions of the respiratory system
heat elimination
water elimination
acid-base balance
assists circulation
vocalization
defense
smell and taste
principle portions of the respiratory tract
nose/nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs
the nose consists of a FRAMEWORK OF
CARTILAGE AND BONE covered externally by the SKIN and internally by a MUCOUS MEMBRANE
the nasal cavity is divided by
THE NASAL SEPTUM
EXTERNAL NARES
lead into the nasal cavity from the nose
INTERNAL NARES
lead into the nasopharynx
the lateral walls of the nasal cavity consists of “flaps” of bone covered with a mucous membrane called the
superior, middle, and inferior CONCHAE
under the conchae are
passages knowns as MEATUSES
as air is inhaled, it swirls under the conchae. this allows time for
MOISTURIZATION of air by mucus
and
WARMING by the blood in the capillaries just deep to the mucus membrane
air-filled spaces that surround and communicate with the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
function of sinuses
make SKULL LIGHTER
serve as RESONATING CHAMBERS for sounds that we produce
roles of the nose/nasal cavity and sinuses in the respiratory system
AIR PASSAGEWAY
WARMS, MOISTURIZES AND FILTERS
DEFENSE
sense of SMELL AND TASTE
VOCALIZATION
walls of the pharynx consist of
SKELETAL MUSCLE LINED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANE
THREE PORTIONS of the pharynx
NASOPHARYNX
OROPHARYNX
LARYNGOPHARYNX
the pharynx is a common passage way for both
RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
What structures open to or are found in the pharynx?
EUSTACHIAN TUBES (nasopharynx)
PHARYNGEAL TONISL (nasopharynx)
PALATINE AND LINGUAL TONSILS (oropharynx)
functions the pharynx serves in the respiratory system?
AIR PASSAGEWAY
FOOD PASSAGEWAY
VOCALIZATION
DEFENSE
the larynx is also known as
the voice box
the larynx is lined with a mucous membrane with nine….including the
CARTILAGES EMBEDDED IN ITS WALLS
EPIGLOTTIS
which cartilage is felt as the Adam’s apple?
the THYROID CARTILAGE
The larynx elevates up against the ____, which acts as a trap door to close off the lower respiratory tract at the larynx to prevent solids and liquids from entering
EPIGLOTTIS
the true and false vocal cords are located in the
larynx
what functions does the larynx serve?
air passageway
vocalization
defense
the trachea is also known as
the wind pipe
the trachea is located
ANTERIOR TO THE ESOPHAGUS
the trachea is lined with a mucous membrane composed of pseudo stratified _____ columnar epithelium
CILIATED
embedded in the walls of the trachea are
16-20 C-SHAPTED RINGS OF hyaline CARTILAGE
what functions does the trachea serve
air passageway
defense
progression of the bronchial tree
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
AS MAIN BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES, the CARTILANGINOUS RINGS become less _____ and eventually
complete and eventually DISAPPEAR in the distal bronchioles
AS MAIN BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES, the amount of SMOOTH MUSCLE in the walls ____
increases
AS MAIN BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES the mucous membrane slowly
LOSES CILIA
the anti-collapse feature of the trachea and larger bronchi are lost in the SMALLER BRONCHIOLES, where
SMOOTH MUSCLE SPASMS MAY COLLAPSE these smaller airways such as during an asthma attack
functions of the bronchial tree
AIR PASSAGEWAY
DEFENSE
which division of the nervous system would trigger relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of distal bronchioles -leading to dilation of airway/
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
the lungs are cone-shaped organs with an _____ _____ above the diaphragm that tapers to a narrow ____ ____ just above the clavicle
INFERIOR BASE
SUPERIOR APEX
the lungs are surrounded by a two-walled sac called the
PLEURA
PARIETAL PLEURA
attaches to the inner thoracic wall and the diaphragm
VISCERAL PLEURA
surrounds and is attached to the lungs
the narrow space between the two layers of the pleura, the pleural cavity, is filled with
lubricating PLEURAL FLUID which reduces friction when the lungs inflate and deflate
the lobes of the lungs are separated into small regions called
SEGMENTS, supplied by segmental bronchi
segments of the lungs are made of smaller compartments known as
LOBULES
The TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES divide into _____ _____ which in turn divide into ____ _____
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES;
ALVEOLAR DUCTS
two or more alveoli make up an alveolar sac that shares an alveolar duct
ALVEOLI
small pouches that make up the LUNGS
function of the lungs
GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND THE BLOOD
3 major phases of respiration
PULMONARY VENTILATION - exchange of air
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION - exchange of gases between lungs and blood
INTERNAL RESPIRATION - exchange of gases between blood and tissues
air flow =
pressure gradient / resistance
how could you change the amount of pressure on a gas?
CHANGE THE SIZE OF THE CONTAINER
the amount of pressure that each gas contributes to the total pressure in a mixture of gases
PARTIAL PRESSURE
individual GASES MOVE FROM AREAS OF ___ _____ ____ TO AREAS OF ____ _____ _____
HIGH PARTIAL PRESSURE TO AREAS OF LOW PARTIAL PRESSURE
THE MOVEMENT OF AIR BETWEEN THE LUNGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
PULMONARY VENTILATION
TWO PARTS TO VENTILATION
INHALATION
EXHALATION
INHALATION
due to increasing the size of the thoracic cavity
EXHALATION
due to decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity
how do we change the size of the thoracic cavity?
CONTRACTING AND RELAXING SKELETAL MUSCLES
INSPIRATORY MUSCLES
quiet inspiration:
diaphragm
external intercostals
labored inspiration:
SCM
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor
EXPIRATORY MUSCLES
labored expiration:
internal intercostals
abdominal wall muscles
the second phase of respiration is
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION IS
MOVEMENT OF GASES BETWEEN THE ALVEOLI (LUNGS) AND THE BLOOD
driving force is PARTIAL PRESSURE of gases
INTERNAL RESPIRATION IS
THE EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND TISSUES/CELLS
driven by PARTIAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCES
MOST O2 in our body is carried BOUND TO
HEMOGLOBIN
MOST CO2 is transported in the blood as
BICARBONATE IONS (HCO3-)
where in the body would the basic control of breathing be centered?
THE BRAINSTEM - MEDULLA AND PONS
aside from the respiratory center in the brain stem, other influences on respiration include:
HIGH BRAIN CENTERS SUCH AS THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
HYPOTHALAMUS AND LIMBIC SYSTEM - during emotional situations
CHEMORECEPTORS that MONITOR LEVELS OF O2, CO2, AND H+ IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND BLOOD
negative feedback control of respiration due to changes in
O2, C02, or pH IN ARTERIAL BLOOD
