Hormones Flashcards
How could you describe the location of the pituitary gland?
It’s CONNTECTE TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS by a stalk known and the INFUNDIBULUM
Anterior pituitary
consists of GLANDULAR epithelial tissue
PRODUCES HORMONES that can be collectively referred to as “TROPIC” HORMONES
Release of hormones from the anterior pituitary occurs by:
- stimulating and inhibiting HORMONES FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS
- HORMONES IN THE BLOOD FROM TARGET ORGANS (provides input for negative feedback loops for pituitary hormone secretion)
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Source: Anterior Pituitary
synthesis and secretion of IGF’s that are small protein hormones
Prolactin (PRL)
Source: ANTERIOR PITUITARY
INITIATES AND MAINTAINS THE PRODUCTION OF MILK BY MAMMARY GLANDS
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
Source: ANTERIOR PITUITARY
STIMULATES THE PRODUCTION AND SECRETION OF T HORMONES (T3 AND T4) FROM THE THYROID
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
Source: ANTERIOR PITUITARY
STIMULATES THE PRODUCTION OF CORTISOL BY THE ADRENAL GLANDS
Posterior Pituitary
NOT A GLAND; DOES NOT PRODUCE HORMONES
STORES AND RELEASES TWO HORMONES THAT ARE SYNTHESIZED IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS:
- OXYTOCIN
- ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
OXYTOCIN (OT)
Produced: hypothalamus
Stored and released by: posterior pituitary
CONTRACTION OF THE SMOOTH MUSCLE IN THE WALL OF THE UTERUS
MILK EJECTION FROM MAMMARY GLANDS
may foster FEELINGS OF BONDING AND PARENTAL CARETAKING BEHAVIORS
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
Produced: hypothalamus
Stored and released by: posterior pituitary
STIMULATES REABSORPTION OF WATER BY THE KIDNEYS
Where is the thyroid located?
Inferior to the lyric and anterior to the trachea
The number in T3 and T4 represent the number of atoms of which element?
iodine
T3 and T4
T3 is more potent
Once T4 enters target cells, most of it is converted to T3
Source: THYROID GLAND
Function: increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Calcitonin
Source: THYROID (parafollicular cells)
CAUSES A DECREASE IN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
Location of Parathyroid glands
POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE THYROID GLAND
PARATHYROID HORMONE
Source: PARATHYROID GLANDS
INCREASE BLOOD CALCIUM
CALCITRIOL
the active form of Vitamins D
AIDS IN ABSORPTION OF DIETARY CALCIUM
FORMED BY THE SKIN from cholesterol if SUFFICIENT UV RADIATION is present
Adrenal glands
located SUPERIOR TO EACH KIDNEY
Two regions:
1. OUTER ADRENAL CORTEX
2. INNTER ADRENAL MEDULLA
THE OURTER ADRENAL CORTEX is divided into 3 ____, with each one producing a different group of ____
zone; hormones.
3 zones of the adrenal cortex
Outer
Middle
Inner
The outer zone of the adrenal cortex produces
aldosterone
The middle zone of the adrenal cortex produces
cortisolt
the inner zone of the adrenal cortex produces
small amounts of androgens
Aldosterone
Source: Adrenal Cortex
Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water follows
Cortisol
Source: middle layer of the adrenal cortex
Causes glucogenesis - the conversion of something other than glycogen to glucose
helps the body to resist stress
anti-inflammatory effects in the short-term
Adrenal Androgens
Source: inner zone of the adrenal cortex
Stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair
contribute to growth spurts at puberty
in adult females - promotes sex drive
The adrenal medulla consists of
modified postganglionic ganglia of the sympathetic division of the nervous system
the adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine
both hormones REINFORCE MANY OF THE EFFECTS OF THE SYPMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
List 6 hormones important to our stress response
epinephrine
norepinephrine
cortisol
hGH
IGF’s (insulin like growth factors)
thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
pancreas
the flattened organ posterior to the stomach
99% of your pancreas is a
exocrine gland
interspersed among the pancreatic exocrine cells are
small clusters or “islets” of endocrine cells that produce hormones
Pancreatic islet hormones
glucagon
insulin
Glucagon
Source: pancreatic islet cells
raises blood glucose levels
Insulin
Source: Pancreatic islet cells
lowers blood glucose levels
pineal gland
located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
produces melatonin
Melatonin
Source: Pineal gland
body’s biological clock
Thymus gland is located
posterior to the sternum
Thymosin
Source: thymus
promote the maturation of a type of white blood cells known as T cells (or T lymphocytes)
Leptin
Source: Adipose tissue
Suppresses appetite
Ghrelin
Source: Stomach
increase appetite
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Source: kidneys
stimulates RBC production
Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Source: heart
decreases blood pressure
Most endocrine disorders are due to what type of problems?
hypersecretion or hypo secretion of hormones
Occasionally, receptors on target cells may become
resistant to hormones
